With efficient tools for computing the Fourier transform in hand, in this lecture we briefly describe issues that arise when we try to use this tool to analyze signals. We will discuss two major issues. The first is the effect of only collecting a finite number of samples x[0], . . . , x[L − 1], rather than observing x[n] for all n. The second is what happens when the signal of interest has fre...

Environmental and management pressures are considered a threat for preserving plant communities worldwide. Identification of long-term impacts changing practices on community composition must, therefore, be major priority to ensure improvement in conservation value. Land abandonment/wilding is one topical area where there little available information impacts. To address this, here, we describe ...

The rangelands, as one of the largest dynamic biomes in the world,have very capabilities. Regulation of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere,particularly carbon dioxide as the main greenhouse gases, is one of these cases.The attention to rangeland, as cheep and reachable resources to sequestrate thecarbon dioxide, increases after the Industrial Revolution. Rangelands comprise thelarge par...

Subalpine rangeland as a rara avis ecosystem is very important because ofecological features. Consistency and resistance of this ecosystem is so frangible and itsnatural equilibrium is instable due to the effects of biotic and abiotic factors. The landslideas one of negative consequences in upland area is seen in Masoleh watershed (north ofIran). This study has investigated the roles of biotic ...