Duality between the ‘axion’ field a and the antisymmetric tensor field Bμν is traced after a nonperturbative effect, gaugino condensation, breaks the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry a → a + c. Even though the PQ symmetry was at its origin, duality is nevertheless not broken by this effect. Below condensation scale, the axion simply gets a mass, but in the ‘stringy’ version, the Bμν field disappears ...

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 360 I. RECENT HISTORY OF SMART GRID ................................... 363 II. CONSUMER-FACING COMPONENTS AND TWO KEY CHALLENGES ......................................................................... 365 A. Physical Components of Consumer-Facing Smart Grid .... 366 B. Demand side benefits enabled b...

With the world’s science and technology becoming more and more mature and perfect, as well as the environment of supporting policy optimized and application prospects become more extensive, new terms, such as, smart earth, smart city, smart scenic spots, smart hotels, smart services, and smart marketing process have swept the world. The era of smart travel has arrived. However, it must be reali...

Treating homes, offices and commercial buildings as intelligently networked collaborations can contribute to enhancing the efficient use of energy. When smart houses are able to communicate, interact and negotiate with both customers and energy devices in the local grid, the energy consumption can be better adapted to the available energy supply, especially when the proportion of variable renew...

In the smart city domain, many projects and works are generating essential information. Open and efficient sharing of this information can be beneficial for all parties ranging from researchers, engineers or even governments. To our knowledge, there is currently no full-fledged semantic platform which properly models this domain, publishes such information and allows data extraction using a sta...

There is a need for verification of the sustainability potential of an increasing number of smart city initiatives. This paper discuss a set of requirements necessary to consider when developing a methodology intended to evaluate the environmental and socioeconomic sustainability impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) solutions at a city level. A smart city definition is chose...

In this paper we provide an integrated presentation of applications, technologies and business models for wireless community network together with design considerations and examples. An overview is given of the state-of-the-affairs of wireless community networks. Driving forces and stakeholders of the projects and the applications and services will be presented for some carefully selected cases...