Although the retorted, or processed, shale represents the largest by-product from oil shale retorting operations, results from detailed studies indicate that it can be managed in an environmentally acceptable manner. Laboratory and field tests have demonstrated the following properties: using normal vehicular traffic; cementation strength to 1480 kPa, using only retorted shale and optimum water...

Water and gas samples were collected from (1) nine shallow groundwater aquifers overlying Marcellus Shale in north-central West Virginia before active shale gas drilling, (2) wells producing gas from Upper Devonian sands and Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in southwestern Pennsylvania, (3) coal-mine water discharges in southwestern Pennsylvania, and (4) streams in southwestern Pennsylvania and ...

Permeability is a crucial parameter for enhancing shale oil recovery through CO2 injection in oil-bearing shale. After injected into the reservoir, corrosion and adsorption-induced strain can change permeability of shale, affecting oil. This study aimed to explore influence on The deformation internal pore diameter induced by under different pressures was measured low-pressure nitrogen gas adso...

Hydraulic fracturing is a technology used to extract natural gas from shale rock formations found deep beneath the earth. It raises many public health and environmental issues of concern to municipalities and planners, both urban and rural. These issues range from potential water contamination and air pollution to noise, dust, truck traffic, and even minor earthquakes. This article identifies r...

Received: August 15, 2016 Revised: January 11, 2017 Accepted: February 14, 2017 Abstract: Background: Since the fragile anisotropy of shale, it is difficult to carry out laboratory experiments of geostress by shale cores. The existing geostress calculation model that is based on the homogeneous hypothesis also cannot meet the accuracy requirement. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the new...

The wetting characteristics of shale rocks at representative subsurface conditions remain an area active debate. A precise characterization wettability is essential for enhanced oil and gas recovery, containment security during CO2 geo-storage, flow back efficiency hydraulic fracturing. While several methods were utilized in the literature to evaluate (e.g., contact angle measurements, spontane...

—Burgess Shale-type fossil assemblages provide a unique record of animal life in the immediate aftermath of the so-called “Cambrian explosion.” While most soft-bodied faunas in the rock record were conserved by mineral replication of soft tissues, Burgess Shale-type preservation involved the conservation of whole assemblages of soft-bodied animals as primary carbonaceous remains, often preserve...

Decreased technological costs and increased efficiency of horizontal drilling has made obtaining natural gas from shale deposits through hydraulic fracturing a viable economic option. However, current estimates of per kWh costs to obtain natural gas through this method do not account for increased environmental risks. By incorporating damages from air and water pollution, the true cost of hydra...