Recently Japan had three outbreaks of avian influenza (Al) in 2004, 2005 and 2007. An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) was recorded in early 2004, the first for 79 years, with four farms being infected with HPAI virus subtype H5N1. In 2005, 41 farms were found to be infected with AI virus subtype H5N2. In early 2007, four farms were infected with HPAI virus subtype H5N1 agai...

Infection of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) has been confirmed in several studies by serological and molecular techniques. In order to determine the presence of persistently infected animals and circulating species and subtypes of BVDV we conducted this study on a buffalo herd, whose habitat was shared with bovine cattle (Bossp.). Our serological res...

We performed a comparatÍve study bebween xenodiagnosis and serological tests for Chagasfdisease. 150 Patients from several endemic areas were studied. Four of them appeared to have a peculiar status with positive xenodiagnosis and negative serclogy carr'ied out with four classical techniques (Immunofluorescence test, ELrsA: Enzyme Linked rmmunosorbent Assay, complement fixation test and Imrnuno...

A study, consisting of three trials, was undertaken in order to find standard reference sera for use in serological diagnostic procedures for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in the European Union (EU). A total of forty-nine laboratories participated in the trials, in which panels of positive, weak positive, and negative candidate sera were tested blind by neutralisation, indirect and bl...

The development of IgG avidity assays has revolutionised serological diagnosis of Toxoplasma infections. The measurement of IgG avidity has shown its power in various clinical settings, especially in situations where timing and differentiation of primary and secondary infections is crucial. However, no laboratory test performed alone is self-sustained, whereby the diagnostic strategy of choice ...

The serological properties of antigens extracted from strains of Bacteroides fragilis and related species belonging to several different deoxyribonucleic acid homology groups were investigated. Antisera prepared against Formalin-treated whole cell suspensions of representative strains were tested against cell suspensions, cell wall preparations, and extracts of homologous and heterologous strai...

INTRODUCTION Echinococcus granulosus infection may be transmitted between humans and animals. Hydatid disease refers to an infection with the parasite larva in humans, and echinococcosis is restricted to infection with the adult stage in carnivorous animals [1]. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) plays an important role in metabolism, physiology, immunology, and nutrients absorption of the cystic echin...

This literature review discusses the most frequently used serodiagnostic methods for the determination of the humoral immune response to malarial parasites. The importance of malaria as a global public health problem is stressed in the light of the new discoveries leading to the future development of an anti-malarial vaccine suitable for use in humans. Serological techniques are expected to pla...

in recent years, the importance of shigella as an enteric pathogen with global impact has been increasingly recognized. in this study, serogroup distribution of shigella isolated from clinically diagnosed cases of gastroenteritis and acute diarrhea in tehran, capital of iran was investigated between december 2002 and november 2003. fecal specimens and rectal swabs were cultured for shigella spp...

background: dogs have been previously reported to be reservoirs of leishmania infantum as the etiological agent of human visceral leishmaniasis in iran. we report a case of canine visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by l. tropica from the north- west of iran where human visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. methods: the canine vl was initially screened by dipstick rk39 and direct agglutination test...