Future increases in flooding potential around the world’s coastlines from extreme sea level events is heavily dependent on projections of future global mean sea level (GMSL) rise. Yet, the two main approaches for projecting 21st century GMSL rise—i.e., process-based versus semi-empirical—give inconsistent results. Here, a novel hybrid approach to GMSL projection, containing a process-based ther...

The Upper Bajocian- Lower Bathonian succession in the Kopet-Dagh Basin of NE Iran represents fluvio-deltaic to turbidite deposits. The Kashafrud Formation provides an excellent opportunity to study the interplay between deep-water sedimentation and syndepositional tectonic subsidence (or uplift) in the region. The effects of these processes caused sea-level changes, variation in depositional se...

At high altitudes, the air pressure is much lower than it is at sea level and contains fewer oxygen molecules and less oxygen is taken in at each breath. This requires deeper and rapid breathing to get the same amount of oxygen into the blood stream compared to breathing in air at sea level. Exercises increase the oxygen demand and make breathing more difficult at high altitude. In this study, ...

Recent studies show climate-induced sea-level rise (SLR) will accelerate storm surge impacts in many coastal areas around the world. The decision-making of building-level adaptation strategies is a challenging task due to uncertain climate impacts. This study evaluates through dynamic programming-based cost-benefit analysis approach incorporate latest information SLR decision-making. outcomes a...

â â â  many of environmental conditions are explainable, either directly or indirectly with regard to topographical changes in pressure levels of high atmosphere. thus, studying this subject is great importance. in this article, after determining the threshold of flood in catchment, altitudinal data of 500 hp level for 44 storms generating floods during (1370_1384) were processed using the fact...

– Stage 2. Triacastela-Sarria (440 m above sea level). We walked toward Samos for 18.6 kilometers, avoiding the first 4 kilometers that run parallel to the road because they required reaching the top of a peak at kilometer 4.7 and had difficult sections for the support vehicles. We felt that the next section, Sarria-Portomarín, was inappropriate, with too many parts unsuitable for vehicular tra...

Identification of sea-level proxies is important for reconstruction of past sea-level variation. Methods for reconstructing Holocene relative sea-level curves are crucial for quantification of the impact of Greenland ice thickness variation on global sea level and vertical land movement. Arctic beach ridges constitute important potential archives of sea-level variation. However, their surface m...

Based on the satellite altimeter data, sea level off the west coast of the United States has increased over the past 5 years, while sea level in the western tropical Pacific has declined. Understanding whether this is a short-term shift or the beginning of a longer-term change in sea level has important implications for coastal planning efforts in the coming decades. Here, we identify and quant...