In this article, I analyse how the Shepherd of Hermas constructs an ancient Christian reading culture through concurrent portrayals reading, copying and book production. argue that, by portraying its protagonist as idealised reader, scribe auditor, early that authenticates Hermas's role prophet, activates textual dissemination ritualises practice auditory ‘reading’. The article closes with ‘Her...

Handwriting communication is a long-established human activity that has survived into the 21st century. Accordingly, research interest in handwritten documents, both historical and modern, significant. The way we write changed significantly over past few centuries. For example, texts of Middle Ages were often written copied by anonymous scribes. writing each scribe, known as his/her "scribal ha...

During the last centuries of Middle Ages, so-called ‘historian scribes’—professionals with scribal occupations, such as notaries, who carried out historiographical work—intensified their activity. This paper examines an example: a list annals which not only features particularity combining general history local and family information, but also provides evidence to deduce name its author.&nbsp

The paper explores twenty-one Old Testament names found in the text of translated monument early Slavic writing, Ladder John Climacus. These personal are a special kind biblical quotations referring to events Holy History. study builds on comparative analysis Greek according publication Patrologia Graeca (Vol. 88) and oldest Russian manuscript 12th century. author looks identify various strateg...