During the conduct of research, at very end process, there is a need for all results, with accompanying explanations and notes, to be communicated professionals scientific public. In order make it easier more accurate reader aware facts presented in report, necessary that authors maintain certain report structures. this regard, introduce young researchers, who are trained carry out research wor...

BACKGROUND Historically, only partial assessments of data quality have been performed in clinical trials, for which the most common method of measuring database error rates has been to compare the case report form (CRF) to database entries and count discrepancies. Importantly, errors arising from medical record abstraction and transcription are rarely evaluated as part of such quality assessmen...

There is wide agreement that community engagement is important for many research types and settings, often including interaction with 'representatives' of communities. There is relatively little published experience of community engagement in international research settings, with available information focusing on Community Advisory Boards or Groups (CAB/CAGs), or variants of these, where CAB/G ...

The 'hidden observer' experiment by Green, Page, Handley and Rasekhy is criticized on methodological grounds, especially the inadequate screening of subjects and departure from the canonical principles of both Hilgard's 'hidden observer' technique and Ome's real-simulator design. We also highlight some results of the experiment which appear to undercut the investigators' conclusions especially ...

Objective: To propose a tool to assist trialists in making design decisions that are consistent with their trial’s stated purpose. Study Design and Setting: Randomized trials have been broadly categorized as either having a pragmatic or explanatory attitude. Pragmatic trials seek to answer the question, ‘‘Does this intervention work under usual conditions?,’’ whereas explanatory trials are focu...

In 2007 the Systematic and Evolutionary Biogeographical Association (SEBA) wrote and ratified the first draft of the International Code of Area Nomenclature (ICAN), which was posted subsequently on the SEBA website. The ICAN was published, along with an explanatory discussion, by Ebach et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2008, 35, 1153–1157), an article that is the subject of criticism by Zaragüet...

BACKGROUND Consumers of research (researchers, administrators, educators and clinicians) frequently use standard critical appraisal tools to evaluate the quality of published research reports. However, there is no consensus regarding the most appropriate critical appraisal tool for allied health research. We summarized the content, intent, construction and psychometric properties of published, ...

Research can be understood as systematic investigation to develop theories, establish evidence and solve problems. We can either undertake new research or we can learn from what others have already studied. How, then, do we go about finding out what has already been studied, how it has been studied, and what this research has found out? A common method is to undertake a review of the research l...