MOTIVATION We present a new probabilistic model of the evolution of RNA-, DNA-, or protein-like sequences and a software tool, Rose, that implements this model. Guided by an evolutionary tree, a family of related sequences is created from a common ancestor sequence by insertion, deletion and substitution of characters. During this artificial evolutionary process, the 'true' history is logged an...

The stopped-flow mixing technique was used to develop a very fast, sensitive and accurate method for determining total proteins. The method is based on the lower fluorescence of Rose Bengal caused by binding of the dye to the proteins. The decrease in the fluorescence intensity, measured at 572 nm with excitation 555 nm, was linearly related to protein concentration from 1.3 to 24.5 micrograms ...

Offshore activities often encounter large scale sand patterns, such as sand waves. Sand waves are offshore bed forms occurring at water depths of 10 to 50 m. Their wavelengths can lead up to 500 m and their heights are typically several metres. Furthermore, sand waves have been shown to migrate, with typical velocities of up to metres per year. These dynamic sand waves decrease the least naviga...

BACKGROUND Beach sand can harbor fecal indicator organisms and pathogens, but enteric illness risk associated with sand contact remains unclear. METHODS In 2007, visitors at 2 recreational marine beaches were asked on the day of their visit about sand contact. Ten to 12 days later, participants answered questions about health symptoms since the visit. F+ coliphage, Enterococcus, Bacteroidales...

This paper introduces a family of tetravalent graphs called rose window graphs, denoted by Rn(a, r), and investigates their symmetry properties. Four families of these graphs are shown to be edge-transitive and it is conjectured that every Rn(a, r) which is edge-transitive belongs to one of these families. Proofs and conjectures about the size of a dart-stabilizer and about regular maps contain...

It shows him in his Public Health Service uniform sometime after 1915, when he attained the rank of Assistant Surgeon General. Carter was a quarantine officer and a field epidemiologist, best known for his discovery in 1898 of the extrinsic incubation period of yellow fever. His discovery led directly to the historic finding by Reed, Carroll, Agra-monte, and Lazear in 1900 that mosquitoes are t...

Previous research has shown that the temperature of underlying permafrost decreases after the ground surface is covered with sand. No significant conclusions have yet been drawn that explain why this happens, because the heat transfer mechanism effects of the sand layer on the underlying permafrost remain unclear. These mechanisms were studied in the present work. We found that the upward short...