BACKGROUND Non-inferiority (NI) trials in drug research are used to demonstrate that a new treatment is not less effective than an active comparator. Since phase IV trials typically aim at informing a clinical decision, the value of a phase IV non-inferiority trial hinges also on its clinical relevance. In such trials, clinical relevance would refer to the added benefit claims of a specific dru...

2 Inter-sample comparisons of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire are crucial for gaining a better 3 understanding into the immunological states determined by different collections of T cells from 4 different donor sites, cell types, and genetic and pathological backgrounds. As a theoretical 5 approach for the quantitative comparison, previous studies utilized the Poisson abundance models 6 an...

Many Six Sigma practitioners use “Student’s” independent two-sample t-test when investigating differences in means. This type of test is based upon drawing random samples from two independent normal (Gaussian) distributions. Often, however, the assumption of normality and/or random sampling is violated. This article discusses when and why the two-sample t-test may be considered robust to these ...

We consider the situation in two sample testing when one variance is assumed to be known while the other variance is considered unknown. This situation arises, for example, when one is interested in comparing a standard treatment with a new treatment. Although this situation occurs relatively infrequently, our example discusses the important tool of moment matching and makes the classic two sam...

Confidence interval construction for central tendency is a problem of practical consequence for those who must analyze air contaminant data. Determination of compliance with relevant ambient air quality criteria and assessment of associated health risks depend upon quantifying the uncertainty of estimated mean pollutant concentrations. The bootstrap is a resampling technique that has been stead...

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