As club goods, religions face the problem of free riding. Smaller religious clubs, such as cults or sects, can often surmount this problem through communal pressures or by requiring their members to provide easily monitored signals. Generally, however, such tactics will be unavailable or too costly for large denominations, and, as such, these denominations must look for other techniques to avoi...

This article presents a conceptualization of the main themes Merab Mamardashvili’s philosophy: phenomenon thinking and consciousness, role philosophy in formation person’s personality, problem “effort”, philosophical concept time. The hypothesis is that this issue based on an implicit “religious soteriology”, which manifested by Mamardashvili his special understanding tasks culture. In context,...

Theological engagement with quantum mechanics has been dominated by the Copenhagen interpretation, failing to reflect fact that philosophers and physicists alike are increasingly moving away from interpretation in favor of other approaches. One such approach, Hugh Everett's so-called Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI), is being taken seriously. As MWI's credibility grows, it imperative metaphysic...

The picture of the beginnings humankind presented by natural science is often contrasted with what conveyed in Scripture. It has been pointed out that Edenic state before sin – which we refer to as original justice was a time absolute perfection there no room for any deficiency. According Thomas Aquinas, however, this conflicts Paradise on way Heaven. For difference between and present situatio...

Abstract The testament of Kale (in religion Maria), written in the year 1098 and transmitted by copy archive Iviron Monastery on Mount Athos, constitutes one most remarkable documents Moyen Âge grec . While its contents have hitherto been analyzed through lens economic rural history, her will contains exhaustive commemorative prescriptions which shed light how Byzantine founders sought to prese...

The Christian missionary John Thomas Gulick (1832–1923) has long been recognized as an important evolutionary theorist. Most recently, his scientific contributions have commended by biologists skeptical of the sufficiency pan-adaptationist accounts evolution. While Gulick’s work noticed, theological and metaphysical commitments largely dismissed, ignored, or downplayed. This paper argues that t...