This special issue is based on a theme session convened at the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America held in Denver, Colorado, in October 2004. The theme session brought together a diverse group of scientists interested in the chemistry of Precambrian and Paleozoic oceans and its role in climatic and evolutionary events. The contributors to this issue make use of a wide range of i...

Over the last few decades, climate scientists have devoted much effort to the development of large numerical models of the atmosphere and the ocean. While there is no question that such models provide important and useful information on complicated aspects of atmosphere and ocean dynamics, skillful prediction also requires a phenomenological approach, particularly for very slow processes, such ...

Abstract Introduction Sleep disturbances following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are commonly diagnosed and can affect up to 70% of individuals, with many occurring after mild injuries such as concussions.1 Patients experience a variety sleep problems sleep-wake disturbances, infrequent parasomnias, periodic limb movement disorders. While movements (PLMs) occur in pediatric patients, they rare c...

BACKGROUND The Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS) is a self-administered score specific for ankle osteoarthritis (OA) with excellent reliability and strong construct and criterion validity. Many recent randomized multicentre trials have used the AOS, and the involvement of the French-speaking population is limited by the absence of a French version. Our goal was to develop a French version and va...

It has been generally claimed that every language has syllables with onsets (CV structure), while languages may or may not allow coda consonants (VC structure). While recent work on Arrernte (Breen & Pensalfini, 1999) has cast doubt on the absolute universality of onsets, it is clear that there is a significant cross-linguistic preference for CV structure (Clements & Key-ser, 1983; Clements, 19...

A new method to produce convex and smooth grids over general plane regions is introduced. This method belongs to the discrete variational grid generation approach. Theoretical results presented guarantee that a convex grid over a region is obtained when this method is applied; the basic assumption is that at least one convex grid exists. A procedure to control large cells, in addition to smooth...

Brown explained that, because animals are inefficient in converting vegetable protein into animal protein, "the production of meat, milk, and eggs requires the use of large amounts of grain as animal feed." As a result, "it requires a ton of grain per year for the diet of the average American. Only 150 pounds of this are consumed directly. In contrast, the average person in the poor nations of ...

common anomalies of the carotid-basilar anastomoses. Persistent trigeminal artery variants originate directly from the precavernous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and may be observed, usually as an incidental finding, in 0.1-1% of angiography or non-invasive vascular imaging studies.1 Little is known about the significance of the PPTA in occlusive cerebrovascular disease. We descr...

Ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that can cause substantial pain, muscle weakness and functional limitations. Due chiefly to its post-traumatic origin and appearance in young patients, ankle OA has a high impact on socioeconomics and patients’ quality of life. Approximately 6% to 13% of all cases of OA involve the ankle joint (Thomas and Daniels, 2003). Recent research ...

In contrast, the second, theoretical integration, as the name implies, refers to efforts aimed at synthesizing the underlying theories of different approaches (Saltzman & Norcross, 1990). Here, the focus is more theoretical than pragmatic. The best aspects of different approaches are combined into a superordinate theory that hopefully, ‘leads to new directions for practice and research ’ (p. 12...