BACKGROUND The community's awareness of Tuberculosis (TB) and delays in health care seeking remain important issues in Indonesia despite the extensive efforts of community-based TB programs delivered by a non-government organisation (NGO). This study explored the knowledge and behaviours in relation to TB and early diagnosis before and after an asset-based intervention designed to improve these...

Anophelism without malaria has long been recognized. In large irrigation projects, such as that around Niono, Mali, villages in irrigated areas sometimes have more anopheline vectors of malaria than adjacent nonirrigated villages, but overall malaria prevalence is substantially less. One hypothesized explanation for this is high anopheline densities lead to smaller adults, who do not live so lo...


 Located in the Semna?n area (midway between Tehran and Khorasan), town of S?ahmirza?d its neighboring villages are home to speakers S?ahmirza?di, a vernacular sharply differing from other language types spoken but closely related Mazandarani across Alborz range north, along Caspian coast. This article studies S?ahmirza?di phonology, grammar, vocabulary, with look at cross-linguistic infl...

BACKGROUND Pterygium is a fibrovascular growth of the bulbar conjunctiva and underlying subconjunctival tissue that may cause blindness. The mechanism of pterygium formation is not yet fully understood, but pterygium has some tumorlike features. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between arsenic exposure through drinking water and the occurrence of pterygiu...

BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that acute necrotising gingivitis precedes noma disease and that noma clusters in some villages in certain regions of low- and middle-income countries. We sought to assess the prevalence of gingivitis with bleeding in young children from villages with or without a history of noma and to analyse epidemiological differences related to sociodemographic ch...

The present study was undertaken to encourage the farmers to cultivate fodder grasses as an intercrop in the areca and coconut gardens. A live demonstration of fodder crops was under taken in 12 villages of Bhadravathi taluk, Shimoga district, Karnataka, to educate the farmers in cultivating perennial fodder grasses in their areca and coconut gardens as inter crops.100 farmers were selected ran...

introduction: several strategies have been raised and studied for rural development including the development and fortification of small towns. researchers believe that small cities as a chain ring between cities and villages, provided their development and fortification, can lead to development in their surrounding rural areas in various aspects.  so, the strength and growth of small towns cou...

Incident HIV infections refl ect the inadequacy of prevention strategies, and the failure to adequately use proven eff ective interventions. Following compelling evidence from three independent community trials in South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya, WHO and the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) recommended that voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) should be part of a comprehensive HIV ...