after occurring massive crimes at countries such as rwanda and primer yugoslavia, several courts started to prosecute criminals. for former yugoslavia, icty and for rwanda domestic courts, gacaca, foreign domestic courts were prosecuting the crimes. this approach caused that international criminal law plays a completely different role compared to internal law. pursuant to development of interna...

BACKGROUND Recent developments in vasectomy research indicate that occluding the vas using cautery combined with fascial interposition (FI) significantly lowers failure rates and is an appropriate technology for low-resource settings. We report the introduction of this technique in Ministry of Health (MOH) vasectomy services in Rwanda. DESIGN In February 2010, an international vasectomy exper...

OBJECTIVE To understand the factors influencing health workers' choice to work in rural areas as a basis for designing policies to redress geographic imbalances in health worker distribution. METHODS A cohort survey of 412 nursing and medical students in Rwanda provided unique contingent valuation data. Using these data, we performed a regression analysis to examine the determinants of future...

This study aimed at describing the genetic subtype distribution of HIV-1 strains circulating in Kigali and their epidemiological link with the HIV-1 strains from the five countries surrounding Rwanda. One hundred and thirty eight pol (RT and PR) sequences from 116 chronically- and 22 recently-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve patients from Kigali were generated and subjected to HIV dr...

Ensuring financial access to health services is a critical challenge for poor countries if they are to reach the health Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This article examines the case of Rwanda, a country which has championed innovative health care financing policies. Between 2000 and 2007, Rwanda has improved financial access for the poor, increased utilization of health services and reduc...

Obesity is increasingly becoming a common problem in Africa. Many studies have been pre-occupied with analyzing the causes of malnutrition whose effects are more pronounced. The main objective of this research was to determine the socio-economic factors that influence body mass indices in Rwanda. Inflation rate, body mass indices (bmi) for males and females (from 1960 to 2009) and food supply i...

Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) was first observed on cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Rwanda in 2009. In 2014 eight major cassava-growing districts in the country were surveyed to determine the distribution and variability of symptom phenotypes associated with CBSD, and the genetic diversity of cassava brown streak viruses. Distribution of the CBSD symptom phenotypes and their combinations v...

One of the primary benefits of international trade in a low-income context is the presumed ability, through trade, to access higher levels of technology through imports. Despite this, very little research has been done on international trade in a low-income (as opposed to middle-income) context, and even less concretely exploring the role of imports, largely because of the paucity of data avail...

BACKGROUND Eczema is a growing problem in Africa, particularly amongst children. OBJECTIVES To investigate the point-prevalences of eczema by physical examination in schoolchildren living in rural and urban areas and with different socioeconomic backgrounds in Ghana, Gabon and Rwanda. In Ghana period-prevalences were also estimated by questionnaire and compared with the point-prevalences. M...

Objective To compare the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (including HIV) and of highrisk sexual behaviour in the following three groups: primary infertile relationships, secondary infertile relationships and fertile relationships. Primary infertility is here defined as never having conceived before, secondary infertility as infertility subsequent to having conceived at leas...