Five species of Puccinia and two of Uromyces making 7 rust-host combinations are reported from Iran. Puccinia leveillei on Geranium sylvaticum, P. libanotidis on Libanotis transcaucasica, P. podospermi on Scorzonera laciniata and Uromyces scrophulariae on Scrophularia umbrosa are reported as new to the flora of Iran. For other three species viz. P. campanulae and P. gaubae on Campanula spp. and...

Strobilurin is a group of natural products and their synthetic analogs have been widely used to control prevent fungal diseases. Strobilurins were firstly isolated in 1977 from the mycelium Strobilurus tenacellus, saprobic Basidiomycete fungus causing wood-rotting on forest trees. This pesticides was designed manage pathogens classes such as Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Oomycetes. Also, commerc...

Fungi, bacteria, mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, virus, viroid, phanerogamic plant parasites, and other macro pests are all agents, which lead to suffering of plants, this effects the tropic levels above producers who feeding on them for survival. Science pathology shouldn’t be confined humans itself (I mean understanding human diseases), it’s equally important that science must given equal importance...

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used for the control of weeds in glyphosate-resistant crops. Glyphosate inhibits 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate synthase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Studies with glyphosate-resistant wheat have shown that glyphosate provided both preventive and curative activities against Puccinia striiformi...

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the crack width induced by the corrosion of reinforcing steel bars in concrete. Reinforcing steel bars with different diameters were corroded using an accelerated test in three types of concrete members, including 24 beams with corroded stirrup and 20 beams with corroded longitudinal reinforcing steel bars. The corrosion patterns and rusts ch...