BACKGROUND Studies involving the built environment have typically relied on US Census data to measure residential density. However, census geographic units are often unsuited to health-related research, especially in rural areas where development is clustered and discontinuous. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the accuracy of both standard census methods and alternative GIS-based methods to measure rur...

This paper presents a multi-resolution approach for automatic extraction of roads from digital aerial imagery. Roads are modeled as a network of intersections and links between the intersections. For different context regions, i.e., rural, forest, and urban areas, the model describes relations between background objects, e.g., buildings or trees, and road objects, e.g., road-parts, road-segment...

Following the global food crisis of the early 1970s, the World Bank has placed a priority on funding agriculture and rural development projects. These projects have been funded with a view to raising the productivity of low-income groups. Projects aimed at increasing the incomes of rural poor must clearly identify the target group and be designed so that they will benefit directly. Some of t...

OBJECTIVE To track changes of the burden and trends of childhood injury mortality among children aged 0-14 years in China from 2004 to 2011. DESIGN National representative data from the Chinese Disease Surveillance Points system and Chinese Maternal and Child Mortality Surveillance system from 2004 to 2011 were used. Rates and 95% CIs of aged-standardised mortality, as well as the proportions...

Global urbanization is a vital process shaping terrestrial ecosystems but its effects on forest soil carbon (C) dynamics are still not well defined. To clarify the effects of urbanization on soil organic carbon (SOC) variation, 306 soil samples were collected and analyzed under two urban–rural gradients, defined according to human disturbance time and ring road development in Changchun, northea...

Road quality plays an important role, especially in rural areas where most poor households are situated. This study aims to calculate the Rural Access Index (RAI), indicator of road (SDG 9.1.1), at district level, evaluate implementation Nawacita programme Indonesia from 2014–2020. The RAI describes proportion residents who live within 2 km all-season road. recommends utilisation network maps, ...

Modelling access to services, using cost path analysis and distance decay models, can be improved if travel time rather than just distance is taken into account. If just straight line distance is used then traffic congestion in urban areas and rough bendy rural roads are not considered in the analysis and the results are subsequently distorted. An accurate road network layer that shows travel s...

Social awareness aims to increase practical skills, such as sustainable development, which seeks to increase the use of different types of waste in construction activities. Although insufficient attention is sometimes given to these actions, it is essential to spread information regarding new studies in the field of waste recycling, which encourages and promotes waste use. Reusing and recycling...

BACKGROUND This study is to report characteristics of people killed in road traffic crashes and to describe major patterns of traffic crashes in China. METHODS Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted. Road traffic death national data, population denominator data and motor vehicles data of 2009 were obtained from the Bureau of Traffic Management at Ministry of Public Se...