Plant litter decomposition is an essential ecosystem function that contributes to carbon and nutrient cycling in streams. Aquatic shredders, mainly macroinvertebrates, can affect this process in various ways; they consume leaf litter, breaking it down into fragments and creating suitable habitats or resources for other organisms through the production of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). ...

Thomas Edison is often credited with creating the first research laboratory. a Legend has it that when a new hire asked about the rules of the lab, Edison responded with a wisecrack: " We don't have rules. We're trying to accomplish something. " What do we try to accomplish in research? Research has an exciting objective, for in it we are trying to ask and answer the most difficult questions kn...

Given the vast scale of the modern scientific enterprise, it can be difficult for scientists to make judgments about the work of others through careful analysis of the entirety of the relevant literature. This has led to a reliance on metrics that are mathematically flawed and insufficiently diverse to account for the variety of ways in which investigators contribute to scientific progress. An ...

Although case reports have always had a place at the foundation of medical knowledge, established radiology journals have increasingly focused their efforts on major research studies. This de-emphasis of case reports has resulted in a dearth of opportunities to publish them. Case reports continue to mark the frontiers of what we know as physicians, and have long provided an attainable way for f...

P eriodically the media is fi lled with articles about scientifi c misconduct—fabricated data, misrepresented protocols, and questionable authorship. Are these incidents anomalies or indicators of inadequate attention being paid to creating a climate of integrity? We do not know. However, it is clear to us that there is much we can do to improve the climate in which we do our science. In this r...

Background Rotator cuff repair (RCR) leads to improved patient outcomes, which may or may not coincide with biological healing of the tendon. Many patient factors may play a role in subjective and objective patient outcomes of surgery. Purpose To evaluate the effect of various patient factors and tendon healing on range of motion, strength, and functional outcomes after arthroscopic RCR. St...

Objectives: Patients with rotator cuff (RC) tears are frequently found to have mild-to-moderate glenohumeral osteoarthritis (GHOA), but the association between radiographic findings of GHOA and PROs following RC repair (RCR) is not well established. The shoulder severity score (SOAS) has previously been correlate changes in ASES scores total arthroplasty patients (GHOA). We also that higher pre...

In order to establish a method of obtaining rat gingival mitochondria (Mt), Mt fractions were prepared in various combinations of homogenizing time with collagenase concentration. Rat gingival tissues were excised, minced, treated with collagenase, homogenized, and subjected to differential centrifugation rates. Both the respiratory control ratio (RCR) and adenosine diphosphate/oxygen (ADP/O) r...