Traditional methods for studying the effects of rod activity on color vision make it hard to assess the underlying physiological mechanisms. In this study, rod-mediated changes in color appearance were assessed by matching them with cone-mediated color changes. A four-primary photostimulator allowed independent control of rod and cone stimulation and identification of the cone types that genera...

Electrostatic potential as well as the local volume charge density are computed for a macromolecule by solving the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE) using the finite element method (FEM). As a verification, our numerical results for a one dimensional PBE, which corresponds to an infinite-length macromolecule, are compared with the existing analytical solution and good agreement is found. As a ma...

Understanding the cellular internalization mechanism of nanoparticles is essential to study their biological fate. Especially, due to the anisotropic properties, rod-like nanoparticles have attracted growing interest for the enhanced internalization efficiency with respect to spherical nanoparticles. Here, to elucidate the effect of aspect ratio of rod-like nanoparticles on cellular uptake, tob...

The Phage shock protein (Psp) response is an extracytoplasmic stress response. The central component of this system is PspA, a protein that mediates the physiological response to membrane stress. PspA is also involved in regulating its own transcription and that of the psp operon, forming a positive feedback loop. PspA has been previously shown to oligomerise into higher-order species, includin...

A rectangular rod is placed in a flow field flowing parallel to a flat plate. Effect of chord-thickness ratio of rectangular rod on developing vortex shedding downstream to the rod is studied. Then, for each one of the aspect ratios, the distance of the rod from the neighboring flat plate is reduced until the rod sticks to the flat plate. In each case, the effect of the flat plate boundary laye...

DNA condensation by multivalent cations plays a crucial role in genome packaging in viruses and sperm heads, and has been extensively studied using single-molecule experimental methods. In those experiments, the values of the critical condensation forces have been used to estimate the amplitude of the attractive DNA-DNA interactions. Here, to describe these experiments, we developed an analytic...