Crude protein (CP) content of mechanically ground rice straw into small particles by an electric grinder and reducing value (RV) and soluble protein (SP) in the culture filtrate were lower than that of the chopped straw into 5~6 cm lengths when both ground and chopped straws were fermented with Aspergillus ochraceus, A. terreus or Trichoderma koningii, at steady conditions. The reduction rate o...

A CO2-added ammonia explosion pretreatment was performed for bioethanol production from rice straw. The pretreatment conditions, such as ammonia concentration, CO2 loading level, residence time, and temperature were optimized using response surface methodology. The response for optimization was defined as the glucose conversion rate. The optimized pretreatment conditions resulting in maximal gl...

The effects of thermochemical pretreatment and continuous thermophilic conditions on the composting of a mixture of rice straw residue and cattle manure were investigated using a laboratory-scale composting reactor. Results indicate that the composting period of rice straw can be shortened to less than 10 days by applying alkali pre-treatment and continuous thermophilic composting conditions. T...

Background: Enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose is one of the most important biotechnological processes in the food industry, which is accomplished by enzyme β-galactosidase (β-gal, β-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23), trivial called lactase. Orthogonal arrays design is an appropriate option for the optimization of biotechnological processes for the production of microbial...

In fields of genetically modified, insect-resistant rice expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins, frogs are exposed to Bt Cry proteins by consuming both target and non-target insects, and through their highly permeable skin. In the present study, we assessed the potential risk posed by transgenic cry1Ca rice (T1C-19) on the development of a frog species by adding purified Cry1Ca protein...

A study was made on the effect of arsenic (As) and As X P interaction in Boro rice and its residual effect in succeeding T. Aman rice. Arsenic was added to soil (having 2.6 ppm initial As) @ 0, 15 and 30 mg As kg -1 from Na2HAsO4.7H2O and phosphorus @ 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg P kg from KH2PO4. Each pot had received 100 ppm N, 40 ppm K and 25 ppm S from urea, MoP and gypsum, respectively. The gra...

This study evaluates the watershed-scale effects of non-point-source (NPS) pollution loads caused by rice straw mulching and no-tillage applications in upland crop areas using the Hydrological Simulation Program–Fortran (HSPF) model. The study area is the Byulmi-cheon watershed (1.21 km2) of South Korea. Hourly rainfall, discharge and stream water quality data were collected for three years (20...

In the last few years there was a growing economic awareness about plant wastes and use it in compost production or in feeding of farm animals, some of these wastes are useless and cause a lot of problems in Egyptian environment. This study was designed to isolate, identify and evaluate some ruminal bacterial isolates to facilitate the in vitro degradation of certain local agro-industrial waste...

The thermal conversion of rice straw is an attractive option for recovering its energy, but the process requires exhaustive control because of ashrelated problems. Straw washing is one method of reducing ash-related problems and improving combustion behaviour. In this study, the ash of washed and unwashed rice straw samples was chemically characterized, tested using thermogravimetric analysis a...

Water control is mainly one of the key factors that can affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of intermittent drainage compared to continuous flooding (conventional water regime) on N2O emission to global warming potential (GWP) with NPK (standard cultivation practice), NPK+Straw, and PK fertilizations. Nitrous oxide emission rates we...