Although concrete abrasion damage is a major maintenance challenge for coastal structures fronted by beaches with hard coarse sediments, there are no readily available field studies that have measured of known mixtures under defined exposure conditions. The objective this investigation to evaluate the abrasive conditions revetment armour units at Cleveleys on Fylde coast U.K. and examine feasib...

The shoreline of Malaysia is exposed to threats coastal erosion and a rise sea level. National Coastal Erosion Study, 2015 reported that 15% an 8840 km currently eroding, where one-third those falls under the critical significant categories require structural protection. Study Sea Level Rise in Malaysia, 2017 presented sea-level increase 0.67–0.74 mm on average yearly. This study reviewed selec...