Syntrophic butyrate metabolism involves the thermodynamically unfavorable production of hydrogen and/or formate from the high potential electron donor, butyryl-CoA. Such redox reactions can occur only with energy input by a process called reverse electron transfer. Previous studies have demonstrated that hydrogen production from butyrate requires the presence of a proton gradient, but the bioch...

The treatment of osteoporosis typically inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, which subsequently results in the suppression of bone formation and maintenance, however the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The receptor activator of nuclear factor κ‑B ligand (RANKL)‑receptor activator of nuclear factor κ‑B (RANK) signaling axis is important in the osteoblast regulation of osteoclasts...

In the temperature range of high co-electrolysis both steam and carbon dioxide, reverse water-gas shift reaction (RWGS) takes place. Prior studies were conducted with a narrow gas composition to investigate role RWGS during co-electrolysis. The results for electrolysis, CO 2 caused different conclusions regarding electrochemical H O conversion compared This work aims resolve as part in boundary...

Glutamate transport by the excitatory amino acid carrier EAAC1 is known to be reversible. Thus, glutamate can either be taken up into cells, or it can be released from cells through reverse transport, depending on the electrochemical gradient of the co- and countertransported ions. However, it is unknown how fast and by which reverse transport mechanism glutamate can be released from cells. Her...

We have investigated the magnetic reversal behavior of [(Co/Pt)4Co/CoO]N multilayers that are exchange biased perpendicular to the film plane. We find clear differences in the nucleation properties of the reverse domains of the ascending and descending branches of the hysteresis loops. However, the evolution of the reverse domains, once nucleated, are symmetric to positive and negative field sw...

Reverse gyrase is a unique DNA topoisomerase endowed with ATP-dependent positive supercoiling activity. It is typical of microorganisms living at high temperature and might play a role in maintenance of genome stability and repair. We have identified the translesion DNA polymerase SsoPolY/Dpo4 as one partner of reverse gyrase in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. We show he...

The article addresses the mutual relationship between environmental improvements and improvement in social status of women. The main question of this article is: Are there any relationships between improvement in environment protection and promotion in the situation of women? The theoretical framework includes Hatfield’s view about the existence of communities between the public and private sph...

in this paper, the removal of phenol by using aqueous solution in a low pressure reverse osmosis membrane was investigated. the effect of feed pressure, feed concentration, feed flow rate and feed ph on phenol rejection was investigated. the results showed that feed ph is the most affective parameter on the phenol rejection. rejection of phenol increased with increasing ph from 2 to 10 under th...