In wheat, VRN1/TaVRN1 and VRN2/TaVRN2 determine the growth habit and flowering time. In addition, the MADS box transcription factor VEGETATIVE TO REPRODUCTIVE TRANSITION 2 (TaVRT2) is also associated with the vernalization response in a manner similar to TaVRN2. However, the molecular relationship between these three genes and their products is unknown. Using transient expression assays in Nico...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bolting, the first visible sign of reproductive transition in beets (Beta vulgaris), is controlled by the dominant bolting gene B (B allele), which allows for flowering under long days (LDs, >14 h light) without prior vernalization. The B-locus carries recessive alleles (bb) in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. spp. vulgaris), so that vernalization and LDs are required for boltin...

Vernalization is the acceleration of flowering by prolonged cold that aligns the onset of reproductive development with spring conditions. A key step of vernalization in Arabidopsis is the epigenetic silencing of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), which encodes a repressor of flowering. The vernalization-induced epigenetic silencing of FLC is associated with histone deacetylation and H3K27me2 and H3K9me2...

Abstract Garlic mustard [ Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande] is an invasive Brassicaceae species native to Europe. As obligate biennials, A. rosettes require a sufficient length of cold during the winter flower following spring. such, mild temperatures could limit species’ potential western and southern distribution in North America. The goal this research was characterize verna...

Phenology has a profound effect on adaptation and productivity of crops. The impact of phenology on tillering and fertility traits of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum Desf.) was evaluated with the aim of specifying which group of flowering genes (Vrn, Ppd, or eps) was involved in their control. A recombinant inbred line population was grown under four contrasting conditions of ver...

Flowering time in plants is a tightly regulated process. In barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), HvFT1, ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T, is the main integrator of the photoperiod and vernalization signals leading to the transition from vegetative to reproductive state of the plant. This gene presents sequence polymorphisms affecting flowering time in the first intron and in the promoter. Recently, copy n...

The present study assessed the effect of seed inoculation with single or multiple plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) strains on yield in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum spp. vulgare var. Kırık) and barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Tokak) plants in both greenhouse and field conditions during the years 2007 and 2008. The treatments of wheat and barley plants during the first year include...

up to now, interactions between method and amount of nitrogen fertilizers application on plant density and variety of wheat under sprinkler irrigation systems have not been studied. thus, this research was conducted during two years in esfehan region with split factorial design. the treatments of this experiment were: three fertilizers application methods (conventional manual application at the...