Teori belajar behavioristik adalah sebuah teori yang dicetuskan oleh Gege dan Berliner tentang perubahan tingkah laku sebagai hasil dari pengalaman. Menurut dalam penting input berupa stimulus output respon. Salah satu aliran contiguous conditioning. ini seorang profesor psikologi University of Washington. Untuk menghadapi masalah terjadi proses pembelajaran cocok untuk dikembangkan dunia pendi...

In 1973, the phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP) was discovered. The study of LTP is now a small industry within the field of neuroscience. Among the various forms of LTP, those that depend on the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor are regarded as “Hebbian.” These forms depend on temporal contiguity of presynaptic and postsy­ naptic activity. The requirement of temporal contiguity is exp...

According to the two-stage model of voluntary action, the ability to perform voluntary action is acquired in two sequential steps. Firstly, associations are acquired between representations of movements and of the effects that frequently follow them. Secondly, the anticipation or perception of an acquired action effect primes the movement that has been learnt to produce this effect; the acquire...

Prior research shows that positive online reviews are less valued than negative reviews. The authors argue that this is due to differences in causal attributions for positive versus negative information such that positive reviews tend to be relatively more attributed to the reviewer (vs. product experience) than negative reviews. The presence of temporal contiguity cues, which indicate that rev...

Associative learning theory postulates two main determinants for human causal learning: contingency and contiguity. In line with such an account, participants in Shanks, Pearson, and Dickinson (1989) failed to discover causal relations involving delays of more than two seconds. More recent research has shown that the impact of contiguity and delay is mediated by prior knowledge about the timefr...

Trace conditioning, a form of classical conditioning in which the presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) is separated in time by an interstimulus interval, requires an intact hippocampus. In contrast, classical conditioning procedures in which the CS and US are not separated by an interstimulus interval (i.e., delay conditioning procedures) typically d...

Our collaboration has resulted in a series of three papers on a new model for grain boundarydiffusion creep in partially molten rocks. The broad aim is to better understand the physical processes controlling the interactions of deformation, melt distribution and melt migration. Towards this aim, we saw the need for a 3-D, grain-scale model for viscosity in the presence of melt. The constitutive...

Abstract The article applies the economic theory of alliances to uncover military expenditure burden sharing in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) during 1991–2020, prior Russia’s invasion Ukraine February 2022. In so doing, our analysis accounts for relative locations NATO allies through various spatial or weights applied allies’ defense spending. Such include membership status, contigu...