The present heating method which uses the cooling system of the internal combustion engine of the vehicle takes a lot of time to heat the interior air. In order to improve the heating process, auxiliary devices are required. The new innovative techniques propose as auxiliary heating device positive temperature coefficient heaters. For a better control of the temperature, the parameters of these...

This paper aims at solving the problem of explosion proof in measurement of thermal gas flow using electronic sensor by presenting a new type of flow sensor by optical fiber heating. A measuring unit based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for fluid temperature and a unit for heat dissipation are designed to replace the traditional electronic sensors. The light in C band from the amplified spontaneo...

In this study, we report current-driven crystallization promotion for multilevel storage in both lateral and vertical phase-change memories (PCMs). For the lateral device, the active medium consists of a top 50-nm TiN/150-nm SbTeN. It was demonstrated that the number of distinguishable resistance levels can readily reach 16 and even higher. For the vertical device, TiSi3/Ge2Sb2Te5/TiN structure...

We report a systematic investigation of the temperature dependence of electrical resistance behaviours in tri- and four-layer graphene interconnects. Nonlinear current-voltage characteristics were observed at different temperatures, which are attributed to the heating effect. With the resistance curve derivative analysis method, our experimental results suggest that Coulomb interactions play an...

An experimental investigation was carried out to determine heat transfer coefficients for natural convection from a heated horizontal wire. The heating is provided by electrical current, and the temperature of the wire is determined from the measurement of its resistance. The experiments are performed in three different convective environments: air, water, and oil. Prandtl number ranged between...

Thermal spreading resistance is an important phenomenon in contacting bodies and local heating e.g. laser heating. In contacting bodies, the real area of contact is typically less than 2% of the nominal contact area. In practice, due to random nature of contacting surfaces, the actual shape of microcontacts is unknown; therefore, it is advantageous to have a model applicable to any arbitrary-sh...

ZnO nanosheets are a relatively new form of nanostructure and have demonstrated potential as gas-sensing devices and dye sensitised solar cells. For integration into other devices, and when used as gas sensors, the nanosheets are often heated. Here we study the effect of vacuum annealing on the electrical transport properties of ZnO nanosheets in order to understand the role of heating in devic...

Accurate knowledge of thermophysical properties is needed to predict and optimize the thermal performance of microsystems. Thermal conductivity is experimentally determined by measuring quantities such as voltage or temperature and then inferring a thermal conductivity from a thermal model. Thermal models used for data analysis contain inherent assumptions, and the resultant thermal conductivit...

To find whether the vasodilator capacity of nonacral skin is reduced in hypertension, we measured forearm blood flow by venous occlusion plethysmography in 10 seated normotensive (mean +/- SD mean arterial pressure, 94 +/- 5 mm Hg) and 10 hypertensive (112 +/- 9 mm Hg) men at rest for 39 minutes while the forearm was heated with water at 42 degrees C, a maneuver known to selectively and maximal...

Emerging enteric pathogens could have not only more antibiotic resistance or virulence traits; they could also have increased resistance to heat. We quantified the effects of minimum recommended cooking and higher temperatures, individually on a collection of C. difficile isolates and on the survival probability of a mixture of emerging C. difficile strains. While minimum recommended cooking ti...