52 INTRODUCTION Epithelial inclusion or epidermoid cyst (EIC) lined by well defined stratified squamous epithelium enlarges by cellular proliferation and by desquamation of keratinized debris into the cavity of the cyst (1). Histologically, it is differentiated from the dermoid cyst by the absence of dermal structures and from the benign cystic teratoma or true dermoid cyst, which is a neoplasm...

Recently, compelling evidence has accumulated that links sleep to learning and memory. Sleep has been identified as a state that optimizes the consolidation of newly acquired information in memory. Consolidation is an active process that is presumed to rely on the covert reactivation and reorganization of newly encoded representations. Hippocampus-dependent memories benefit primarily from slow-...

It seems that it’s not just elephants that have long memories. Research by Anthony Gendall and co-workers [Cell (2001) 107, 525–535] shows that plants have a remarkable capacity to ‘remember’ too. Studying the process of vernalization (the acceleration of flowering by exposure to a cold period) in Arabidopsis, the team has identified the ‘memory’ gene, VRN2 (vernalization2). Although VRN2 is no...

tric ganglion of the spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus, A sigh for every so many breath / And for so many sigh which comprises about 24 interconnected motoneurons a death. / That’s what I always tell my wife / Is the and 6 interneurons. Two modes of stimulation of the multiplication table of life. Neuroscientists searching for cAMP cascade were employed. In the first, neuromoduthe multiplicat...