BACKGROUND It has been argued that visual analog scales (VASs) elicit an individual's measurable value function. The theoretical link between an individual's measurable value function v(.) and his or her von Neumann-Morgenstem utility function u(.) appears to provide a justification for transforming VAS scores into standard gamble (SG) utilities. However, VAS scores have been found to be subjec...

Appropriate spatial scales of hydrological variables were determined using an existing methodology based on a balance in uncertainties from model inputs and parameters extended with a criterion based on a maximum model output uncertainty. The original methodology uses different relationships between scales and variable statistics. It is extended with two different uncertainty propagation method...

A linearity test showsH0 to decrease by 7% out to 18 000 km s −1. The value at 10 000 km s−1 is a good approximation to the mean value of H0 over very large scales. The construction of the extragalactic distance scale is discussed. Field galaxies, cluster distances relative to Virgo, and blue supernovae of type Ia yield H0 (cosmic) with increasing weight; they give consistently H0 = 57 ± 7 (ext...

Consider the solution of a boundary-value problem for steady linear elasticity in which the computational domain contains one or several holes with traction-free boundaries. The presence of holes in the material can be approximated using a weak material; that is, the relative density of material ρ is set to 0 < = ρ 1 in the hole region. The weak material approach is a standard technique in the ...