This case describes typical ophthalmic findings as a key feature for diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and its possible differential diagnosis. A 58-year-old female patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis on immunotherapy with natalizumab developed visual disturbance, reading problems, and visual field defects due to PML. PML is a reactivation of latent i...

BACKGROUND Fingolimod is the first oral agent used for treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Macular edema, but not retinal hemorrhage, is a well-known adverse effect of fingolimod treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of extensive retinal hemorrhages following fingolimod treatment. CASE PRESENTATION A 31-year-old male with relapsing-remitting m...

BACKGROUND Recombinant interferons have been shown to suppress both the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of disease activity in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). OBJECTIVES We performed a Cochrane review of all randomised, placebo-controlled trials of recombinant interferons in RRMS. SEARCH STRATEGY Of 208 articles identified by a predefined ...

OBJECTIVE To define the extent of neuronal injury and loss in thalamic gray matter in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS and to characterize how these neuronal pathologic changes are related to disease duration. METHODS The authors studied 14 patients with RRMS (Expanded Disability Status Scale score, mean 3.25, range 2.0 to 6.0) and 14 (8 men, 6 women) age-matched healthy controls. St...

Natalizumab is the first humanized moclonal antibody indicated in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Based on its remarkable efficacy in reducing disease activity and reducing the risk of disability progession in RRMS, and the risk of a serious adverse event (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy [PML]), natalizumab was indicated in active RRMS, mostly as a sec...

BACKGROUND Sample size calculation is a key aspect in the planning of any trial. Planning a randomized placebo-controlled trial in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) requires knowledge of the annualized relapse rate (ARR) in the placebo group. OBJECTIVES This paper aims (i) to characterize the uncertainty in ARR by conducting a systematic review of placebo-controlled, randomized tr...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Persistently hypointense lesions on T1-weighted MR images have been shown to correlate with the amount of axonal damage and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether diffusion coefficient D(av) and fractional anisotropy (FA) are able to detect quantifiable differences among three groups of focal nonactive...

UNLABELLED Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that affects the central nervous system. Clinical presentation and prevalence vary widely around the world. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients with MS in Uberaba (MG). METHOD We conducted a transversal descriptive study, with data analysis of 35 patients with MS. RESULTS Prevalence of ...

In the past 10 years, the treatment options for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) underwent some major changes. After relying on injectable interferon-beta preparations for quite some time, the advent of the first monoclonal antibody, natalizumab, followed by the first oral drug, fingolimod, improved the outcome of these patients and the possibilities to treat them mor...

term outcomes. A long-term study examined survival in a cohort of patients (n = 372) who had participated in a pivotal randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of interferon beta in relapsing-remitting MS [5] . After a median of 21.1 years from the time of enrollment, 98% of patients were identified and 81 deaths were recorded. Early treatment was associated with prolonged survival, as evi...