We generalize standard delegation models to consider policymaking when both information and authority are dispersed among multiple actors. In our theory, the principal may delegate partial authority to a privately-informed agent while also reserving some authority for the principal’s use after observing the agent’s decision. Counterintuitively, the equilibrium amount of authority delegated to t...

This study examined whether culture related factors influence university students’ critical thinking use. The participants were 363 students from Kyoto and Okinawa in Japan, and Auckland in New Zealand. They completed a questionnaire assessing critical thinking use, study self-efficacy, adherence to authority, regulatory mode (assessment/locomotion), and self-construal (independence/ interdepen...

Background: The footprint of drug distribution is multinational, but the regulatory frameworks supporting drug development, review, and approval remain largely regional. As a result, industry faces regulatory standards that may be complementary, additive, or contradictory, resulting in global regulatory dissonance (GRD). Methods: Global regulatory dissonance was explored through a case study of...

Governments across Africa have established regulatory agencies for utilities but these have largely been modeled on those in developed countries and have had limited success. The Electricity Regulatory Authority in Uganda was set up to oversee this important sector but its success has so far been limited as evidenced by the quality, reliability and cost of the service. The Purpose of this study...

We explore mechanisms driving enforcement spillovers when sanctions at one entity influence behavior at other entities. Our model illustrates when spillovers arise from a regulatory channel and when they arise from a channel not emphasized in the existing literature: product markets. Using facility-by-month data from Clean Water Act manufacturers, we find that penalties generate strong positive...

It is now well-established that privatisation brings with it re-regulation, not deregulation. However, this does not mean that we should expect that the policies once pursued under public ownership will be reintroduced by regulatory means. On the contrary, privatisation can be understood as a way of institutionalising changes in policy. This is particularly evident when privatisation is accompa...

We examine the motivations for forming regulatory agencies and the features that are critical for their success. Governments create independent regulatory agencies to address two fundamental problems in the control of public utilities, namely the dampening effect that politics has on investment and the value of specialized knowledge. Agencies are more effective in stimulating investment if they...

The proposed action being addressed in this Regulatory Impact Review (RIR) and Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis (RFAA) is the designation of critical habitat in waters of the North Pacific Ocean for the northern right whale under authority of the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The purpose of this RIR/RFAA is to evaluate, to the extent practicable, the economic, socioeconomic, and other costs ...