This paper proves that the revenue equivalence theorem ceases to hold for auctions without common knowledge about the agents' prior beliefs. That is, different auction forms yield different expected revenue. To prove this, an auction game is converted to a Bayesian decision problem with an infinite hierarchy of beliefs. A general solution for such Bayesian decision problems is proposed. The sol...

There are several situations in which common knowledge becomes important. Among them we have games, social behaviour, and natural language. In this paper we present a multi-agent framework in which the agent are able to use not only their own private knowledge bases bu also the common knowledge they share with other agents. This approach is based on Aumann structures and the language is a simpl...

background: molecular diversity of leishmania major and its morphological changes have become a controversial issue among researchers. some aspects of polymorphic shapes of amastigotes in clinical manifestations along with molecular variation were evaluated among suspected patients of some exceptional zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis locations in northern khuzestan, southwestern iran. methods: ...

aim: breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. this comparative study was designed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical and non-medical female students concerning breast self-examination (bse) in two different universities in shiraz, iran. it also examined the relationship between the students' knowledge, attitude, practice and type of academic ed...

results and conclusion: lasers are useful for soft tissue surgery in modern dentistry, especially in relation to pediatric patients due to the rapid and regular wound healing without sutures. introduction: epulis granulomatosa is a lesion which grows from an extraction socket. it can be misdiagnosed with lesions of the same clinical appearance such as: foreign body or pyogenic granuloma, or as ...

In this paper, we study the retrieval problem in ALN , which is a tractable concept language with number restrictions. Following the approach proposed in [12], this work differs from the classical framework in two respects. First, the definition of answer has been extended in order to refer to elements whose existence may be deduced but have no explicit representation in the knowledge base. The...

background the aim of this survey was to explore the baseline knowledge of the iranian community about chronic kidney disease (ckd) definition and its two main risk factors, i.e. diabetes and hypertension. this study also introduced a model of public education program with the purpose of reducing the incidence of ckd in high-risk groups and thereby decreasing the economic burden of ckd in iran....

For each regular language L we describe a family of canonical nondeterministic acceptors (nfas). Their construction follows a uniform recipe: build the minimal dfa for L in a locally finite variety V , and apply an equivalence between the finite V-algebras and a category of finite structured sets and relations. By instantiating this to different varieties we recover three well-studied canonical...