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capital asset pricing, as one of the basic theories in finance and investment area, develop a model for estimation of expected rate of return and equity cost of capital. this model has many applications in the field of finance. one of anomalies in the capital asset pricing model is the value premium that its proponents believe this risk premium is compensation for a risk not mentioned in origin...

The article presents the results of research from position forensic pharmacy concerning analysis complaints about pharmaceutical provision for privileged categories patients in Ukraine. Analyzed world experience reimbursement system (reference pricing) citizens comparing to existing Studied contingents supply various health care facilities. Based on created a matrix regarding unsatisfactory pro...

In the Internet, the current flat-fee pricing scheme is not suitable to prevent congestion situations. Therefore, pricing is likely to be changed in the future, such that users are charged according to the resources they consume – a usage-based pricing scheme. Because of the heterogeneous network infrastructure, a uniform pricing mechanism must provide for localized pricing policies. It is nece...

We propose an estimation methodology tailored for large unbalanced panels of individual stock returns to study the factor structure and expected in international markets. show that local market is necessary capture both developed emerging Neither presence multiple world or regional risk factors, systematic currency nor a country-specific subsumes importance factor. All including market, carry s...

nowadays reforming, of the ownership structure, from governmental ownership to privatization ownership, is a way of gaining constant and dynamic development. one of the best ways of privatization is denoting stocks by stock change and one of the most important factors to reach its fulfillment is how to price the denoted stocks. so far due to the importance and greatness of pricing stocks, many ...

Demand-based pricing is underused in many service industries, because customers are believed to perceive such pricing as unfair. Fencing can be highly effective in improving the perceived fairness of demand-based pricing. In this study, five fences were explored in a restaurant context across three countries (Singapore, Sweden, and the United States). Demand-based pricing in the form of coupons...

the study investigates consumers’ preference for cowpea reflected in the nigerian markets through price discounts and premiums that consumers pay for different cowpea characteristics. the price data used for this study were obtained through a market survey. a common data collection protocol was employed. every month, between october 2009 to december 2010, five cowpea samples per seller were bou...

The increasingly dynamic nature of businessto-business electronic commerce has produced a recent shift away from fixed pricing and toward flexible pricing. Flexible pricing, as defined here, includes both differential pricing, in which different buyers may receive different prices based on expected valuations, and dynamic-pricing mechanisms, such as auctions, where prices and conditions are bas...