the present study sought to investigate the acquisition of referential, quasi and expletive subject pronouns, three different types of obligatory subjects in english, by adult persian speaking l2 learners of english at different stages of l2 acquisition. a grammaticality judgment test and a translation test were designed and developed to elicit the participants' knowledge of obligatory subjects...

The relational model of data incorporates fundamental assertions for entity integrity and referential integrity. Recently, these so-called relational invariants were more precisely specified by the new SQL2 standard. Accordingly, they have to be guaranteed by a relational DBMS to its users and, therefore, all issues of semantics and implementation became very important. The specification of ref...

Referential integrity constraints express in relational databases existence dependencies between tuples. Although it is known that certain referential integrity structures may cause data manipulation problems, the nature of these problems has not been explored and the conditions for avoiding them have not been formally developed. In this paper we examine these data manipulation problems and for...

Referential expressions are used to introduce and continue reference to entities with par ticular referential properties, but also with particular discourse properties. In this paper we investigate the referential and discourse properties of pemarked indefi nite direct objects in Romanian, which are an instance of Diff erential Object Marking (DOM). Pe -marking is generally obligatory for defi ...

Referential actions are specialized triggers used to automatically maintain referential integrity. While their local behavior can be grasped easily, it is far from clear what the combined eeect of a set of referential actions, i.e., their global semantics should be. For example, diierent execution orders may lead to ambiguities in determining the nal set of updates to be applied. To resolve the...

This paper introduces the concept of local referential integrity according to which an object may only reference objects belonging to the same composite object. For example, in production planning an employee of some department may only be scheduled to work on machines belonging to the same department. Usually, such a constraint must be stated explicitly by a predicate as \add on" to a database...

Previous research has suggested that patients meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) display altered self-related information processing. However, experimental studies on dysfunctional self-referential information processing in BPD are rare. In this study, BPD patients (N = 30) and healthy control participants (N = 30) judged positive, neutral, and negative words in terms of...

This study examined the role of social-referential context in 13- and 18-month-olds' mapping of verbal and nonverbal symbols to object categories. Infants heard either novel words or novel nonverbal sounds in either a referential or nonreferential context. In all conditions, an experimenter engaged in a social-referential interaction and the label was produced while the infant's attention was d...

Previous research suggests that people show increased self-referential processing when they provide criticism to others, and that this self-referential processing can have negative effects on interpersonal perceptions and behavior. The current research hypothesized that adopting a self-distanced perspective (i.e. thinking about a situation from a non-first person point of view), as compared wit...