Water is a scarce resource; it vital resource in the production of crops for livestock that will directly impact supply chain costs. Many costs occur poorly deployed irrigation systems don’t fully utilize land potential, thereby, not produce proper yield livestock. An system can only reduce initial set up and maintenance but reduces waste while increasing dry matter feed. This research presents...

A successful cogeneration system design project needs an estimation of the economical parameters of the project, including capital investment, costs of fuel, expenses in maintenance and operating, and the proper cost for the products. This study describes the economic consideration of the benchmark cogeneration systems, called CGAM system located in the United States. To evaluate the profitabil...

Ballast as a part of the railway system plays an important role in the operation of the railways and also has a great impact on repair and maintenance activities. Hence most of the repair and maintenance activities in traditional railway systems are due to the defections in the ballast layer and therefore most of the maintenance budget is spent on repairing these defects. These repair and maint...

Appropriate operation of protection system is one of the effective factors to have a desirable reliability in power systems, which vitally needs routine test of protection system. Precise determination of optimum routine test time interval (ORTTI) plays a vital role in predicting the maintenance costs of protection system. In the most previous studies, ORTTI has been determined while remote bac...

It is now inevitable to reuse the wastewater in urban areas terms of climate change and circular economy. The aim this study evaluate secondary treatment as irrigation water and/or industrial process by pilot-scale ultrafiltration (UF) reverse osmosis (RO) units. conductivity, pH, organic matter, heavy metals, micropollutants, coliform bacteria sodium hazard assessments were analysedduring oper...