large sums of fruits are annually wasted due to mechanical damage and bruise inflicted upon them during harvesting, handling, storage and packaging. the research which has been done to analyze the mentioned processes mostly used practical operational techniques with the results being applicable in certain defined conditions. the aim of this research was to develop computer models for an optimiz...

The complex carbohydrates apple pectin, citrus pectin, flaxseed mucilage, blood group A substance, gum acacia, and gum myrrh as well as an extract of RBC, when examined in a pattern test, were shown to inhibit the agglutination of chicken RBC by influenza A virus. A number of other simple and complex carbohydrates showed no inhibitory effect. The hemagglutination-inhibiting action of apple pect...

Significant Findings: 1. Apple leaf quality deteriorates with the season. We confirmed in multiple seasons that L. subjuncta larval development is prolonged and pupal weight is decreased on apple foliage as the season progresses. These data indicate the apple leaves are a relatively good food material for Lacanobia larvae early in the season but deteriorate in quality later in the season. Simil...

Background: Integrating plant genomics and classical breeding is a challenge for both plant breeders and molecular biologists. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a tool that can be used to accelerate the development of novel apple varieties such as cultivars that have fruit with anthocyanin through to the core. In addition, determining the inheritance of novel alleles, such as the one responsib...

One of the requirements of a fruit harvesting robot is the ability to recognize and locate fruit from the leaf and branch portions; machine vision system is one of the methods used to detect the location of the fruit. This paper showed the development of a machine vision algorithm that would guide an apple harvesting hand prototype. The objectives of this study were to differentiate the fruit f...

Apples ( MALUS sp., Rosaceae) are a rich source of nutrient as well as non-nutrient components and contain high levels of polyphenols and other phytochemicals. Main structural classes of apple constituents include hydroxycinnamic acids, dihydrochalcones, flavonols (quercetin glycosides), catechins and oligomeric procyanidins, as well as triterpenoids in apple peel and anthocyanins in red apples...