foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a severely contagious viral disease that mainly affects cloven-hoofedlivestock and wildlife. this study quantifies the cytokines mrna expression of vaccinated guinea pigs withfmd type o inactivated vaccine. blood samples were collected from eight guinea pigs at 7 and 28 days after thefirst vaccination. extracted mrnas were reverse-transcribed into cdna and analyz...

abstract: a pure nucleotide pool is an essential precursor of correct dna replication and prevention of mutagenesis and abnormality in a living cell. inosine triphosphatase (itpase) is a critical enzyme to remove any deaminated rough purine nucleotides such as inosine from nucleotide pool. it has been shown that the rate of substitution mutation in genomic dna increase by abnormal function and ...

background: limiting dilution assay is considered as the gold standard method for quantifying the number of parasites in the animal model of leishmania infection. nowadays, real-time pcr is being increasingly applied to quantify infectious agents. in the present study , a real-time pcr assay was developed to estimate para­site burdens in lymph nodes of leishmania major infected balb/c mice. enu...