The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor, RB, assembles multiprotein complexes to mediate cell cycle inhibition. Although many RB binding partners have been suggested to underlie these functions, the validity of these interactions on the behavior of RB complexes in living cells has not been investigated. Here, we studied the dynamic behavior of RB by using green fluorescent protein-RB fusion protein...

Experiments were carried out on rats in order to find out the implications for psychiatry of the basic biological effects of rubidium (Rb). The forced swimming test (FST), used to evaluate the effects on rats of treatment with Rb, was conducted after 1 or 3 mEq/kg Rb was given chronically or subacutely. The weight of rats treated with 1 or 3 mEq/kg Rb, once daily, was observed daily for two wee...

The retinoblastoma gene (RB) is a classical tumor suppressor. Several studies have shown that RB dosage is important in determining biological effects. To explore the effect of RB dosage on susceptibility to cancer, three groups of congenic C57BL/6 mice, each of which expresses a different amount of Rb protein from one, two, or three alleles, were treated at postnatal day 12 with a single 60-mg...

The putative retinoblastoma gene (Rb) is a tumor suppressor gene which is believed to cause retinoblastomas when both alleles are inactivated, leading to lack of the encoded Mr 110,000-116,000 phosphoprotein. Inactivation of the Rb gene has also been found in several other tumor types, including small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Absence of the 4.7 kilobase mRNA has been found to be frequent in SCL...

The retinoblastoma (Rb) protein is a key regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. Initial studies of Rb revealed that it binds to, and decreases the activity of, the E2F family of transcription factors. Over the last decade, the mechanisms by which Rb regulates E2F activity have been well-studied. These investigations have lead to a commonly held belief that Rb funct...

It is believed that Rb blocks G1-S transition by inhibiting expression of E2F regulated genes. Here, we report that the effects of E2F repression lag behind the onset of G1 cell cycle arrest in timed Rb reexpression experiments. In comparison, kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 protein accumulates with a faster kinetics. Conversely, Rb knockout leads to faster p27 degradation. Rb interacts with the N ter...

Objective To investigate the causes of secondary glaucoma in retinoblastoma (RB) and underscore the significance of glaucoma as a presenting sign of RB. Methods A 7-month-old boy, initially diagnosed with congenital glaucoma in the left eye (OS), revealed an intraocular RB on further work-up. The eye was eventually enucleated and histopathology showed iris neovascularization (NVI) and a large s...

The retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) is a tumor suppressor that affects apoptosis paradoxically. Most sporadic cancers inactivate Rb by preferentially targeting the pathway that regulates Rb phosphorylation, resulting in resistance to apoptosis; this contrasts with Rb inactivation by mutation, which is associated with high rates of apoptosis. How phosphorylated Rb protects cells from apoptosis ...

Controlling of DC-DC converter is vital task in power conversion. DC-DC converters are used in many applications like solar charger, computer power supplies, switching mode regulators, aircrafts etc. Focus of this paper is to model a controlling system for buck converter which controls output of buck converter constant instead of changing load and input supply to buck converter. Controlling met...

An Alternate Arm Modular Multilevel Converter (AAMMC) is the recently introduced power electronics converter topology suitable for High Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC) system applications. This paper focuses on the operating principle of an Alternate Arm Modular Multilevel Converter. At the beginning the advantages of multilevel converter, basic schematic of converter topology, and its operation...