Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric 1,6-addition of diarylphosphines to electron-deficient dienes was developed through rational selection of electron-withdrawing groups on the dienes. Various chiral allylic phosphine derivatives were synthesized in good yields with high enantioselectivity (up to 96% ee).

Humanization has played a fundamental role in the remarkable progress of antibodies as therapeutic reagents. Here we have reviewed the publications on antibody humanization since the first report on CDR grafting in the second half of the 1980's up to June 2007. We describe the two main trends in the field: rational and empirical methods to humanize antibodies. Rational methods rely on the so-ca...

This study concerns the preliminary phase of project to installation solar panels in Algeria. The sites enjoy one most sunshine world, Saharan region must be spearhead development energy which, moreover, with an abundant potential still under-exploited, photovoltaics constitute a formidable opportunity for economic region. In perspective transition “green energy” and order promote emergence Alg...

We develop a model to study the role of individual rationality in economics and biology. The model’s agents differ continuously in their ability to make rational choices. The agents’ objective is to ensure their individual survival over time or, equivalently, to maximize profits. In equilibrium, however, individually rational agents who maximize their objective survival probability are, individ...

Humans are without any doubts the prototypical example of agents that can hold rational beliefs and can show rational behavior. If an AGI system is intended to model the full breadth of human-level intelligence, it is reasonable to take the remarkable abilities of humans into account with respect to rational behavior, but also the apparent deficiencies of humans in certain rationality tasks. Ba...