In previous work a model was developed to predict the annual average cumulative distribution of the effective earth radius factor, the k-factor, for telecommunications applications in South Africa. Long term meteorological radiosonde data from eight stations were used for this purpose. In this paper, the model is used to predict the cumulative effective earth radius, or k-factor, distribution f...

estimation. 25. Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online. 26. F. J. Wentz, M. Schabel, Nature 403, 414 (2000). 27. T. M. Smith, R. W. Reynolds, J. Clim.18, 2021 (2005). 28. P. D. Jones, A. Moberg, J. Clim. 16, 206 (2003). 29. HadCRUT2v is the designation for version 2 of the (variance-corrected) Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit surface temperature data se...

The next generation air fluorescence experiments studying cosmic rays near 10 eV require significantly better atmospheric monitoring than the original Fly’s Eye experiment in order to reconstruct accurately the energy of the cosmic rays. In this paper we study the time variation of the vertical profile of the atmosphere. For the study we use the twice daily radiosonde data from the Salt Lake Ci...

Abstract In this study, we first performed a comprehensive structural analysis of four models radiosondes (devices intended for use as the meteorological probe sounding balloon) manufactured by three different companies – Graw, Vaisala and Meteomodem. The were disassembled visual inspection manual measurement, three-dimensional computed tomography images taken their inner structure, outer shape...

Abstract. Radiosonde descent profiles have been available from tens of stations for several years now – mainly Vaisala RS41 radiosondes. They compared with the ascent profiles, ECMWF short-range forecasts and co-located radio occultation retrievals. Over this time, our understanding data has grown, comparison also shed some light on radiosonde data. The fall rate is very variable an important f...

mixed layer is a part of the atmospheric boundary layer in which pollutants are uniformly distributed. it is sensitive to the earth’s surface, controls the flow of heat and momentum between the surface and the free atmosphere, thus playing a key role in atmospheric circulation. most of atmospheric pollution models require the height of the mixed layer as an input to determine the depth of atmos...

This paper describes, in a neurofuzzy framework, a method for the classification of different modes of radiowave propagation, followed by generation of linguistic rules justifying a decision. Weight decay during neural learning helps in imposing a structure on the network, resulting in the extraction of logical rules. Use of linguistic terms at the input enables better human interpretation of t...

The daytime mixing layer observed by radiosonde, profiler, and lidar during MILAGRO W. J. Shaw, M. S. Pekour, R. L. Coulter, T. J. Martin, and J. T. Walters Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA Received: 28 September 2007 – Accepted: 5 October 2007 – Publ...