This paper estimates the effect of ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs) on hospital surgical volume using hospital and year fixed effects models with several robustness checks. We show that ASC entry only appears to influence a hospital's outpatient surgical volume if the facilities are within a few miles of each other. Even then, the average reduction in hospital volume is only 2-4%, which is no...

An analysis of how various road infrastructure improvements affect traffic-related fatalities and injuries is conducted while controlling for other factors known to affect overall safety. The road infrastructure elements analysed include total lane miles, the fraction of lane miles in different road categories (interstates, arterial, and collector roads), the average number of lanes for each ro...

establishing and operating private radio and television and its possible activity beside state radio and television is the selective method of administering radio and television in many countries worldwide. in legal system of iran, state run radio and television in article 44 of the constitution and interpretation of guardian council of mentioned article, establishing private radio and televisi...

over the past few years, residual pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antipyretics drugs, hormones) have begun to be considered as emerging environmental pollutants due to their continuous input and persistence to aquatic ecosystem even at low concentrations. therefore, the development of efficient, cost-effective, and stable methods and materials for the wastewaters treatment have g...

background and objectives: there are different types of vascular access. we compared the patency rate for six months in ulnar-basilic fistula and radio-cephalic fistula for vascular access in hemodialysis patients.   methods: the study was performed on 60 patients of 50.6±13.5 years of age with end-stage renal failure undergoing hemodialysis from 2012-2014 in imam ali hospital in zahedan. patie...

in this paper, a new propagation model based on utd for multiple diffraction paths in cellular mobile radio communications in urban environments is proposed. moreover, the most rigorous novel utd-based expressions for multiple diffractions by buildings and excess path losses are d - rived and analyzed. for this purpose, building rows are supposed to have rectangular cross-sections with the same...

BACKGROUND Mandatory generic substitution was introduced in Sweden in October 2002 in order to try to curb escalating pharmaceutical expenditure. The aim of this study was to investigate how sales patterns for substitutable and non-substitutable pharmaceuticals have developed since the introduction of mandatory generic substitution; furthermore, to compare sales patterns in different groups of ...

Conflicts of Interest J.A.E. is a consultant for Novartis, Sanofi, Genentech, Clovis and Astra Zeneca; owns equity in Gatekeeper Pharmaceuticals, which has interest in T790M inhibitors; has research agreements with Novartis and Astra Zeneca. Z.P. has provided consulting services for Clovis Oncology. L.V.S. has provided uncompensated consulting services to Clovis Oncology, AstraZeneca, Novartis,...

During the past two decades scientists, regulatory agencies and the European Commission have acknowledged pharmaceuticals to be an emerging environmental problem. In parallel, a regulatory framework for environmental risk assessment (ERA) of pharmaceutical products has been developed. Since the regulatory guidelines came into force the German Federal Agency (UBA) has been evaluating ERAs for hu...