Identity is the individual's psychological relationship to particular social category systems. This chapter summarizes how people create and negotiate their gender, racial, ethnic, sexual, and class identities. Theories, methods, and priorities in each of these content areas differ. However, each systematically excludes particular research participants and thus ignores the complexity of people'...

We propose that power inequities drive dynamics in racially diverse teams, often leading to conflict, withdrawal, or assimilation—all of which can impede team learning. We suggest several elements to address these dynamics, including identity safety or the belief that one is safe despite one’s racial identity; a perspective that values cultural identity as a resource for thinking about work; an...

Increasingly, people interact with others via digital representations, or avatars, that feature indicators of race. Nonetheless, little is known about the effects of avatar race on attitudes and behaviors. We conducted a study to determine how people’s implicit racial bias is affected by the race of their avatar in an immersive virtual environment (IVE). Our results indicate that the effects of...

The present study tested the independent and interactive effects of multiple group identities (i.e., American and ethnic) and racial discrimination on civic beliefs among immigrant adolescents. Seventy-seven participants completed a questionnaire during after-school programs. Ethnic identity was positively associated with civic beliefs whereas racial discrimination was negatively related to civ...

African American students continue to be underrepresented at many American colleges and universities. These institutions are referred to as Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs). Some research suggests that the racial environment at PWIs negatively impacts the mental health (depression and anxiety) of African Americans. However, few studies consider how internal racial factors such as racial ...