The pathogenicity of norovirus is definitively established. However, norovirus is frequently detected in the stool of healthy individuals. To gain understanding of the apparent high prevalence of asymptomatic infection, we analyzed a dynamic transmission model of norovirus infection, disease, and immunity. We simulated norovirus epidemiology in low- and high-transmission settings by varying the...

As classically defined by Macdonald in the early 1950s, for the case of diseases with one vector and one host, the Basic Reproduction Number, R0, is defined as the number of secondary infections caused by a single infective of the same type (vector or host) during its infectiousness period in an entirely susceptible population. In the case of a disease which has one vector and one host, it is e...

We investigated the hypothesis that muscles of different oxidative potential would display differences in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ handling responses to repetitive contractile activity and recovery. Repetitive activity was induced in two muscles of high oxidative potential, namely, soleus (SOL) and red gastrocnemius (RG), and in white gastrocnemius (WG), a muscle of low oxidative potent...

The basic reproduction number R0--the number of individuals directly infected by an infectious person in an otherwise susceptible population--is arguably the most widely used estimator of how severe an epidemic outbreak can be. This severity can be more directly measured as the fraction of people infected once the outbreak is over, Ω. In traditional mathematical epidemiology and common formulat...

BACKGROUND Surgery is still the standard treatment for aggressive fibromatosis (AF); however, local control remains a significant problem and the impact of R0 surgery on cumulative recurrence (CR) is objective of contradictory reports. METHODS This is a single-institution study of 62 consecutive patients affected by extra-abdominal and intra-abdominal AF who received macroscopically radical s...

This paper uses a theoretical model of cooperative learning to examine the survivability of communities of learners. A primary assumption in this article is that individualbased learning tends to use local information to increase an individual’s “fitness” while collaborative learning, based on the sharing of information, knowledge, and resources, increases group fitness. We frame our discussion...