This paper investigates the problem of dynamic survivable lightpath provisioning against single node/link failures in optical mesh networks employing wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). We unify various forms of segment protection into generalized segment protection (GSP). In GSP, the working path of a lightpath is divided into multiple overlapping working segments, each of which is protect...

This study investigated whether workers modify eye protection behavior following an occupational eye injury. Workers treated for work-related eye injuries were questioned regarding the use of protective eyewear for the work-month prior to their eye injuries and again 6 to 12 months later. Workers reported an increase in the proportion of work-time they used eye protection (from a median of 20% ...

From time to time a sequence of unexpected and overlapping contingencies may lead to power system angular instability and even blackouts if not addressed adequately by means of an out-of-step (OOS) protection system. The motivation of the paper is an attempt to develop a workable prototype of the OOS protection system. The deficiencies of the protection currently used in the Latvian Power Syste...

The increasing application of networked computers at the field level of industrial automation systems causes weaknesses concerning the security of the field level. The field level realizes the connection of an industrial automation system to the technical process, which is executed in a technical system. Due to this task, the technical system and the field level are closely coupled and often wi...

1,1-diacetates(acylals) were prepared by direct condensation of various aldehydes with acetic anhydride using dipyridine cobalt chloride (copy2cl2) as an efficient and green catalyst under solvent-free conditions at room temperature. the important features of this catalyst method are that the catalyst is solid, stable at high temperatures, soluble in water, stable in air, immiscible in common o...

This paper aims to analyze tariff protection policies in the agricultural sector of developing countries. The agricultural tariff structure in developing countries is characterized by: i) high average tariffs, ii) the existence of tariff escalation, iii) dispersion of nominal tariffs across tariff lines, and iv) a wide gap between average nominal tariffs and import-weighted average tariffs. Con...