Data from preclinical and clinical studies have implicated the norepinephrine system in the development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder. The primary source of norepinephrine in the forebrain is the locus coeruleus (LC); however, LC activity cannot be directly measured in humans, and previous research has often relied upon peripheral measures of norepinephrine to infer changes ...

Over a century of behavioral research has shown that stress can exert both positive and negative effects on memory. We have explored the idea that the complex effects of stress on learning and memory can be characterized by hormeticand non-hormetic dose-response functions, in which stress may either stimulate or impair brain memory mechanisms, depending, in part, on the timing and duration of t...

This quasi-experimental study investigates the impact of prolonged exposure treatment on cognitive changes in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Seventy-seven PTSD patients with mixed traumas went through 8 to 12 sessions of imaginal exposure and exposure in vivo without any cognitive interventions. Reexperiencing symptoms and the most important cognition (i.e., its frequency a...

to investigation of secondary traumatic stress disorder in wives of iranian war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. 43 wives of iranian war veterans who had participated in iran-iraq war and were diagnosed with ptsd, voluntarily entered in this study. the veterans were treated by psychiatrists of veterans’ organization, tehran, iran. each woman completed a short questionnaire to deter...

Prolonged exercise and heavy training are associated with depressed immune cell function. To maintain immune function, athletes should eat a well-balanced diet sufficient to meet their energy, carbohydrate, protein, and micronutrient requirements. Consuming carbohydrate during prolonged strenuous exercise attenuates rises in stress hormones and appears to limit the degree of exercise-induced im...

The setting of the trauma is a distinguishing feature between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI; also called concussion) that occurs in civilian settings compared with that occurring in combat. Combat mTBI is frequently associated with a prolonged stress reaction, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals with mTBI and PTSD from combat in Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom o...

Sustained exposure to glucocorticoids (GCs), adrenal hormones secreted during stress, can cause neural degeneration in the rat. This is particularly so in the hippocampus, a principal neural target site for GCs, in which GCs can exacerbate the rate of neuron death during normal aging, as well as the severity of neuronal damage after various neurological insults. Thus, stress can be a potent mod...

ost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder, which can occur following the experience or witnessing of life-threatening events such as terrorist incidents, military combat, natural disasters, serious accidents, or violent personal assaults. Symptoms of PTSD may include reliving the experience through # $ = % # " # and feeling detached or estranged (Breslau, Davis, Induced by ...

drought stress is one of the phenomena that adversely affects growth and quality of plants, with turfgrass being no exception. for a study of the responses of poa pratensis l. cv. ’barimpala‘ to time periods of drought stress, turfgrass seeds were cultivated at 60cm depths in cylindrical pots of 15cm diameters and placed outdoors. plants were daily irrigated to the point until drainage occurred...