This paper asks how computer-based learning materials can be designed to maximise cognitive engagement on the part of the learner. Computer-based materials are often based around self-assessment questions. How can we ensure that these will stimulate thinking rather than random button pressing? The paper argues that a key issue is that of how feedback is presented, and uses the experience of dev...

Drop plate technique has a priority and preference compared with the spread plate procedure, because of less time, quantity of media, effort requirement, little incubator space, and less labor intensive. The objective of this research was to compare the accuracy and fidelity of drop plate method vs. spread plate method by parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. For bacterial enumeration...

The existence of null arguments in Athabascan languages, and other polysynthetic languages, is a debated topic. We argue that, if the agreement on the verb is the argument, the so-called Pronominal Argument Hypothesis, languages such as Navajo do not have null arguments in the traditional sense. We then outline the diachrony of Athabascan object marking on the verb (by looking at the various co...

The goal of this paper is to explore whether game theory can account for the distribution of pronouns in Catalan, a null-subject language. I extend the game-theoretical account proposed by Clark and Parikh (2006), which uses games of partial information to account for anaphora production and resolution in English. Their proposal needs to be extended to account for the fact that null-subject lan...

This paper reports work in progress on a sentence generation model which attempts to emulate certain language output patterns of children between the ages of one and one-half and three years. In particular, the model addresses the issue of why missing or phonetically "null" subjects appear as often as they do in the speech of young Englishspeaking children. It will also be used to examine why o...

Contrastive  analysis  of  hypothesis  is  the  comparison  of  the linguistic system of two or more languages and it is based on the main difficulties in  learning  a  new  language  that  caused  by  interference  from  the  first  language. The present study intended to investigate the effect of contrastive analysis on Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ knowledge of L2 adjectives. The questi...

A Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) genome lacking HC-Pro was constructed and confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR to systemically infect wheat, oat, and corn. Coupled in vitro transcription/translation reactions indicated that WSMV P1 proteinase cleaved the polyprotein at the P1/P3 junction of the HC-Pro null mutant. The WSMV HC-Pro null mutant was competent for virion formation, but the viru...

In this work we examine the distribution of wh-in-situ and short (i.e., clause internal) wh-doubling in Northern Italian dialects with purpose showing that are not unitary phenomena, since they subject to different distributional properties across dialects. We show cannot be reduced a single analysis but rather corresponds family phenomena which have common basic procedure feature doubling, wit...

MOSAIC, a model that has already simulated cross-linguistic differences in the occurrence of the Optional Infinitive phenomenon, is applied to the simulation of the pattern of finiteness marking within Dutch. This within-language pattern, which includes verb placement, low rates of Optional Infinitives in Wh-questions and the correlation between finiteness marking and subject provision, has bee...