In this paper a redundancy allocation problem is studied where for the first time the supplier selection is taken into consideration and redundant components are provided from appropriate suppliers with the most suitable offers such as discount on buying price of components, warranty length for components, things like that, so that the system reliability, profit and the warranty length proposed...

Background. In Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA), decision makers are often faced with tradeoffs between current and future impacts. One typical example is waste incineration, where immediate emissions to the air from the incineration process have to be weighted against future emissions of slag landfills. Long-term impacts are either completely taken into account or they are entirely disregarded in c...

BACKGROUND Research on delay discounting has expanded our understanding of substance dependence in many ways. Recently, orderly discounting of sexual rewards has been demonstrated in both substance-dependent individuals, and healthy controls. Less clear, however, is if rates of sexual discounting are higher than controls in alcohol-dependent-individuals. METHODS 20 alcohol-dependent individua...

Although delay discounting, the attenuation of the value of future rewards, is a robust finding, the mechanism of discounting is not known. We propose a potential mechanism for delay discounting such that discounting emerges from a search process that is trying to determine what rewards will be available in the future. In this theory, the delay dependence of the discounting of future expected r...

Social discounting refers to the fact that most people assign more value to the welfare of close affiliates than they do to the welfare of distant affiliates—they discount the latter compared to the former. We report the first study to apply a social discounting paradigm to boys. We were particularly interested in investigating the relations between social discounting, age, and externalizing be...

Abstract This article analyzes residential property transactions to better understand the impact of urban flooding events and distributions on floodplain real‐estate markets. We studied patterns before after major fluvial in three counties that experienced such between 2009 2013: Benton County, Oregon; Boulder Colorado; Cass North Dakota. tested for presence distribution price discounting follo...

BACKGROUND Delay discounting is a reduction in the subjective value of a delayed outcome. Elevated delay discounting is a type of impulsivity that is associated with harmful behaviors, including substance abuse and financial mismanagement. METHODS Elevated delay discounting as related to addiction and financial mismanagement was reviewed from psychological, neurobiological, and behavioral eco...

Hyperbolic discounting of future outcomes is widely observed to underlie choice behavior in animals. Additionally, recent studies (Kobayashi & Schultz, 2008) have reported that hyperbolic discounting is observed even in neural systems underlying choice. However, the most prevalent models of temporal discounting, such as temporal difference learning, assume that future outcomes are discounted ex...

BACKGROUND In the Netherlands, low cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates might limit the cost-effectiveness of vaccination against the human papillomavirus (HPV). We examined the effect on cervical cancer incidence and mortality of adding HPV vaccination to the current Dutch cervical cancer screening situation and calculated the cost-effectiveness. METHODS Costs and effects were estim...

BACKGROUND A large-scale survey was conducted in 2008 in north west England, a region with high levels of alcohol-related harm, during a regional 'Big Drink Debate' campaign. The aim of this paper is to explore perceptions of how alcohol consumption would change if alcohol prices were to increase or decrease. METHODS A convenience survey of residents (≥ 18 years) of north west England measure...