A water quality intervention that consists of water treatment, safe storage, and community education was field tested in Kitwe, Zambia. A total of 166 intervention households were randomly selected from one community and 94 control households from another. Baseline surveys were conducted and the intervention was distributed. Weekly active diarrhea surveillance, biweekly water testing, and a fol...

This work demonstrates the ability of a bacterial concentration and recovery procedure combined with three different PCR assays targeting the lacZ, wecG, and 16S rRNA genes, respectively, to detect the presence of total coliforms in 100-ml samples of potable water (presence/absence test). PCR assays were first compared to the culture-based Colilert and MI agar methods to determine their ability...

Depletion of water supplies for potable and irrigation use is a major problem in the rural wadi valleys of Saudi Arabia and other areas of the Middle East and North Africa. An economic analysis of supplying these villages with either desalinated seawater or treated wastewater conveyed via a managed aquifer recharge (MAR) system was conducted. In many cases, there are no local sources of water s...

Population growth in West Africa has outpaced local efforts to expand potable water services, and private sector sale of packaged drinking water has filled an important gap in household water security. Consumption of drinking water packaged in plastic sachets has soared in West Africa over the last decade, but the long-term implications of these changing consumption patterns remain unclear and ...

Rapidly growing populations and migration to urban areas in developing countries has resulted in a vital need for the establishment of centralized water systems to disseminate potable water to residents. Protected source water and modern, well-maintained drinking water treatment plants can provide water adequate for human consumption. However, ageing, stressed or poorly maintained distribution ...

The last chapter elucidated the experimental setup and the factors influencing each unit of the large-scale seawater desalination process, with the reverse osmosis. This chapter deals with subjects such as the modeling of each unit of Sea water reverse osmosis (SWRO), the integration of these models to form an entire plant, and the future direction of the statistical modeling of the SWRO proces...

The value that domestic users attribute to reliability of water supply and to the quality of this water is a function of several determinants, such as the source of water, the socioeconomic characteristics of households (per capita income, level of education, etc.), and other variables. Users that have private tap water at home may value less improved availability or more reliable source than h...

Drinking water quality assessment in Kathmandu valley has always been crucial with reference to public health importance. The objective of this study was assess the drinking respect physiochemical and microbiological parameters. A total 63 random samples were collected from different sources like stone spout, tap, well, boring, hand pumps jar wards Kageshwori Manohara Municipality, Kathmandu. c...