OBJECTIVES To understand the strategy of British American Tobacco (BAT) and other transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) to gain access to the Lebanese market, which has remained relatively closed under monopoly ownership and political instability. METHODS Analysis of internal industry documents, local language secondary sources and industry publications. RESULTS TTCs have relied on legal a...

Abstract: This article critically analyses the concept of suffering, with particular emphasis on responsibility for and representations of suffering. Suffering is seen as a social relationship, with objective characteristics, classified by Renault as domination, deprivation and the weakening of intersubjective supports (désaffiliation). Veitch and Wolcher have inquired into legal responsibility...

II. JUDICIAL SPECIALIZATION: A BACKGROUND .............................. 397 A. The Theoretical Context for Judicial Specialization ............... 397 B. Typologies of Judicial Specialization ...................................... 399 C. Arguments for and Against Specialized Courts ....................... 400 1. Development of Judicial Human Capital .............................. 401 2. Creati...

this research focuses on the role of the environmental nongovernmental organizations in iran and also the evaluation of their performance in achieving public participation to protect environment. findings of this research .reveal that so far these organizations have lacked the ability to prepare the context for people involvement in environmental conservation, which is due to several major cons...

This paper is to study the effect of the six elements of task put forward by Nunan on the improvement of students' competencies in legal English, hoping to provide an important glimpse of how current legal English teaching in Chinese universities meets the requirements of the curriculum and the needs of the learners. Based on a case study of college students in China University of Political Sci...

This paper constructs a political equilibrium in which firms and unions bargain over wages and workers and capitalists lobby the government for taxation, labor market regulation and immigration policy. The main findings are the following. It is in the native workers’ interests to ban firms’ direct recruitment from abroad. Otherwise, the ruling elite captures the surplus of the labor unions by t...

Objective: This research has been conducted so as to use the Porter Five Competitive Model and to obtain the votes of experts in the press industry. A pathological assessment of the industry in the country has been achieved and a desirable model has been developed for transforming the industry to face environmental change. Methods: In this research, the qualitative method has been applied to r...