Bedrock river erosion is driven by channel hydraulics, which are not well understood for complex morphologies. Many bedrock rivers exhibit a constriction-pool-widening (CPW) morphology associated with submerged plunging flows. These flows cause velocity profile inversions resulting in high velocities near the bed and low on water surface. The first observations documenting were from relatively ...

Confined plunging jets are investigated as potential outfalls for the discharge of desalination brine. Compared to offshore submerged that rely on momentum induce mixing, released above water surface utilize both and negative buoyancy. Plunging also introduce air into column, which can reduce possibility hypoxic zones. In contrast unconfined jets, confined include a confining tube, or downcomer...

When an internal solitary wave (ISW) breaks over a sloping bottom in the ocean, turbulent mixing causes energy dissipation that is associated with breaking type. In two-layer fluid, when pycnocline thickness negligible, can be categorized into one of four breaker types: surging, plunging, collapsing, and fission breakers. The latest classification types based on slope, slope gradient Reynolds n...

We propose a semi-analytic approach to estimate mixing induced by internal solitary waves (ISWs) breaking over sloping boundary. The theoretical framework we develop describes the energetics of stratified fluid flow during interaction ISWs with slope. In particular, through both Ozmidov and Thorpe lengthscales derive heuristic expression for efficiency, valid plunging plunging-collapsing breake...

We present a new analogue model of oroclinal buckling, which is based on recent advances in our geological understanding the Mongolian orocline Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The simulates an amplification preexisting, gently arcuated accretionary system. In models, we established three neighboring subdomains that represent contrasting lithospheric domains separated by steep “subduction” interfac...

A ranula is a pseudocystic lesion of the sublingual salivary gland, found in floor mouth. Ranula classified into types such as simple and plunging type. Plunging arises when extends beyond mouth neck. seen above level mylohyoid muscle often result gland duct obstruction. refers to pseudocyst that develops with rupture below muscle. Diagnosis difficult even modern imaging techniques this mimic o...