At the beginning of our work on diffusion processes in PVC tubing used in milk collection it was observed that plastic tubes which have been used for extended periods lose their originally smooth inner surface (1). In spite of careful maintenance, fine tears arise, forming a network on the inside which is in contact with milk, water, and cleaning solution (Fig. 1).

Aluminium alloys are one of the most efficient materials for weight reduction in car industry. However, favourable performance conflicts with difficulties transforming these through plastic deformation processes such as stamping. Among different issues, they characterised by a high springback effect. Numerous authors have explored use electro-plastic effect (EPE) to mitigate internal stresses a...

A procedure for efficient three-dimensional nonlinear time-history analysis of steel framed buildings is derived. It incorporates two types of nonlinear beam elements—the plastic hinge type and the elastofiber type—and nonlinear panel zone elements to model yielding and strain-hardening in moment-frames. Floors and roofs of buildings are modeled using 4-node elastic diaphragm elements. The proc...