High consumer demand for shellfish has led to the need for large-scale, reliable shellfish supply through aquaculture or shellfish farming. However, bacterial infections which can spread rapidly among shellfish poses a major threat to this industry. Shellfish farmers therefore often resort to extensive use of antibiotics, both prophylactically and therapeutically, in order to protect their stoc...

Plasmid pTC-F14 contains a plasmid stability system called pas (plasmid addiction system), which consists of two proteins, a PasA antitoxin and a PasB toxin. This system is closely related to the pas of plasmid pTF-FC2 (81 and 72% amino acid identity for PasA and PasB, respectively) except that the pas of pTF-FC2 contains a third protein, PasC. As both pTC-F14 and pTF-FC2 are highly promiscuous...

Tellurite (TeO3(2-)) is highly toxic toward Escherichia coli (MIC, approximately 1 microgram ml-1). Mutants (Tel) that were resistant to low levels of TeO3(2-) (MIC, approximately 10 micrograms ml-1) and collaterally resistant to arsenate were isolated. These Tel mutants were unable to grow on media containing low levels of Pi, which supported growth of the parent strain. When grown at much hig...

OBJECTIVES The mec and bla systems, among other genetic factors, are critical in regulating the expression of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. We examined by WGS a naturally occurring oxacillin-susceptible mecA-positive S. aureus isolate to identify the mechanism conferring oxacillin susceptibility. METHODS The mecA-positive oxacillin-susceptible S. aureus isolate GR2 (penicil...

INTRODUCTION............................................................ 211 Definitions.................................................................. 211 Overall Genetic Organization of aPlasmid. 212 RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION OF EXTRACHROMOSOMAL ELEIMENTS............................................................. 212 Lack of Genetic Linkage to Chromosome................................

objective(s):urinary tract infection (uti) caused by bacteria is one of the most frequent infections in human population. inappropriate use of antibiotics, often leads to appearance of drug resistance in bacteria. however, use of probiotic bacteria has been suggested as a partial replacement. this study was aimed to assess the antagonistic effects of lactobacillus standard strains against bacte...