Paleontological and phylogenetic studies have shown that floral zygomorphy (bilateral symmetry) has evolved independently in several plant groups from actinomorphic (radially symmetric) ancestors as a consequence of strong selection exerted by specialized pollinators. Most studies focused on unraveling the developmental genetics of flower symmetry, but little is known about the adaptive signifi...

Plant recognition is an important and challenging task. Leaf recognition plays an important role in plant recognition and its key issue lies in whether selected features are stable and have good ability to discriminate different kinds of leaves. From the view of plant leaf morphology (such as shape, dent, margin, vein and so on), domain–related visual features of plant leaf are analyzed and ext...

Plant shutdowns shape industry productivity, the dynamics of employment, and industrial restructuring. Plant closures account for more than half of gross job destruction in US manufacturing. This paper examines the effects of firm structure on US manufacturing plant closures. Plants belonging to multi-plant firms and those owned by US multinationals are less likely to exit. However, the superio...

The mechanisms through which plant cells control growth and shape are the result of the coordinated action of many events, notably cell wall stress relaxation and turgor-driven expansion. The scalar nature of turgor pressure would drive plant cells to assume spherical shapes; however, this is not the case, as plant cells show an amazing variety of morphologies. Plant cell walls are dynamic stru...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The phenotypes of grasses show differences depending on growth conditions and ontogenetic stage. Understanding these responses and finding suitable mathematical formalizations are an essential part of the development of plant and crop models. Usually, a marked change in architecture between juvenile and adult plants is observed, where dimension and shape of leaves are likely...

Plant recognition is an important and challenging task. Leaf recognition plays an important role in plant recognition and its key issue lies in whether selected features are stable and have good ability to discriminate different kinds of leaves. From the view of plant leaf morphology (such as shape, dent, margin, vein and so on), domain–related visual features of plant leaf are analyzed and ext...

In the advanced tokamak (AT) operating mode of the DIII-D tokamak, an integrated multivariable controller takes into account highly coupled influences of plasma equilibrium shape, profile, and stability control. Time-scale separation in the system allows a multi-loop design: the inner loop closed by the nominal vertical controller designed to control a linear exponentially unstable plant and th...

INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 208 ORGANELLE GENOME SIZE AND SHAPE ........................................ 208 Size and Shape of Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNAs) ...... ............... 209 Size and Shape of Chloroplast DNAs.............................................. 212 GENE ARRANGEMENT IN ORGANELLE DNAs ......... ...........................