1. Colonisation of host trees by an endophytic herbivore, the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis , is accompanied by invasion of its galleries by a number of fungal species. Four of these associated species were identified as Leptographium abietinum , Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus nomius , and Trichoderma harzianum . 2. Trichoderma and Aspergillus significantly reduced spruce beetle s...

Animals frequently use metabolites produced by symbiotic bacteria as agents against pathogens and parasites. Secretions from the preen gland of birds are used for this purpose, although its chemicals apparently are produced by the birds themselves. European hoopoes Upupa epops and green woodhoopoes Phoeniculus purpureus harbour symbiotic bacteria in the uropygial gland that might be partly resp...

In bumblebees, the male secretion of the cephalic labial gland is species-specific. It is highly involved in the nuptial behavior, acting as a sexual attracting pheromone. Therefore, it is also used to accurately identify the species. In contrast to this common scheme, the secretions of Bombus mesomelas are found to be strongly reduced and do not include the most volatile compounds that are pre...

The presence in New York City during the early months of 1922 of an acute respiratory infection that, clinically, resembled more or less the epidemic influenza of the autumn and winter of 1918-19 and the spring of 1920 afforded us an opportunity to repeat and extend the studies of the nasopharyngeal secretions from influenza patients which had resulted in the isolation of Bacterium pneumosintes...

for the first time in English an authentic treatise on this subject. Such a work could only be the product of a master of his subject and Palmer Findley has long been recognized as a leader in American Obstetrics. Bearing in mind that "History is the essence of innumerable biographies" the author has used this approach to the subject with great effectiveness. The great personalities of obstetri...

Critically ill patients are intubated or tracheostomized because, in most cases, these individuals require invasive mechanical ventilation. The cannulae that are used include the cuff, which can act as a reservoir for oropharyngeal secretions, predisposing to ventilator-associated pneumonia. Studies have revealed that the suction of subglottic secretions through the dorsal suction lumen above t...

BACKGROUND Endotracheal intubation increases the risk for microaspiration of secretions around the tube cuff. Pepsin has been used as a biomarker for gastric aspiration. Amylase is a newer proposed biomarker for aspiration of oral contents. OBJECTIVE To assess the presence of pepsin and amylase in paired oral-tracheal secretions of adult patients treated with mechanical ventilation. METHODS...

Effects of jejunal infusion of a saline solution, a protein meal, and a mixed protein and carbohydrate meal on biliopancreatic secretions were compared in six healthy volunteers. Protein infusion stimulated biliopancreatic secretions whereas carbohydrate infusion inhibited these secretions compared with saline infusion. The roles of lipid, carbohydrate, and caloric load on the inhibition of pan...

Mutualistic interactions typically involve the exchange of different commodities between species. Nutritious secretions are produced by a number of insects and plants in exchange for services such as defense. These rewards are valuable metabolically and can be used to reinforce the behavior of symbiotic partners that can learn and remember them effectively. We show here novel effects of insect ...